Journal of Counseling Research

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The birth of a child creates a significant change in the family system and reset the system family. This study examined mother’s perceptions of everyday marital change across the transition to parenthood. What challenges and changes women experience the transition to parenthood? The method of this research was phenomenological and qualitative method. 30 women were selected by purpose-based way. For data gathering, we used supervisors and participants review criteria. The findings showed that mothers faced with the challenges of changing views about self and former lifestyle, inactivity and loss of professional identity, loss of interest in sexual intimacy, traditional beliefs about baby sexuality, Overwhelming focus on children, little time or resources to do a little business partner role, increased stress and depression, increasing the need for organizing, having a common time limit of couple relationships, Strengthen the relationship between mother and child, restriction of freedom and a sense of inequality, lack of co-management in children and egalitarianism in the role, the role of anxiety in determining the boundaries of the system.10 women decreased marital satisfaction during transition to parenthood and marital satisfaction of 3 women didn’t no change.17 women increased marital satisfaction in transition to parenthood. We concluded Women be faced with major challenges in transition to parenthood, in many cases, health education interventions should be done with family. Health professionals should have special attention to the transition to parenthood.

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Abstract Background:This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of group therapy based on Acceptance and Commitment (ACT) on communication beliefs and marital satisfaction of the incompatible women referred to the counseling center of the Hakim Sabzevari University. Method: This study is quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest With unequal control group. the population in this study contains all incompatible women referred to the counseling center of the Hakim Sabzevari University in the year 93. The sample consisted of 30 women that are incompatible is purposefully selected and divided into two groups, experimental (15 Person) and control (15 Person) were assigned randomly. Members of the experimental group for 8 sessions of 90-minute group therapy were based on acceptance and commitment. for data collection from Enrich marital satisfaction questionnaire (47 questions) and Epstein and Eidelson (1981). communication beliefs (RBI) was used. research data with multivariate analysis of variance were analyzed by SPSS19 software. Results: The results showed that group therapy based on Acceptance and Commitment (ACT) is effecte on communication beliefs and marital satisfaction of the incompatible women and incompatible women in the experimental group compared to the control group in post-test communication beliefs (F= 213/12, P< 0/001) and marital satisfaction (F= 71/19, P< 0/001) showed a significant increase. Conclusion: So, group therapy based on Acceptance and Commitment (ACT) is effecte on communication beliefs and marital satisfaction of the incompatible women.

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Objective: This essay seeks to study the effectiveness of therapy based on fluent consciousness on activation of EQ-I constituents of climacteric women. Method: this study is a quasi-experimental research based on pre-test and post-test of control group. The statistic population of the research includes the climacteric women living in all neighborhoods of the 7th region of Tehran City. The sampling was done in a voluntary fashion and the participants were asked to fill the questionnaires of EQ-I and 20 of them who had scored marks lower than mean were chosen randomly as the control and test groups. The EQ-I questionnaire was used for collecting data and covariance test was used for analysis. Findings: the research findings indicate that the mark of the test group is meaningfully more than the control group. (05/0>p). Conclusion: Accordingly we can conclude that the therapy based on fluent consciousness on activation of EQ-I constituents are affective on the climacteric women.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of holographic reprocessing therapy on improrement of traumatic memories and  Posttraumatic Cognitions in Womens asked divorce. Method: this study to method Semi-experimental Of type pretest-posttest was with control group .Among all women of divorce applicant of court Bijar city in 1394, 30 patients were simple randomly selected and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups divided. Each group comprised 15 patients. To collect information from questionnaires understanding of trauma and PTSD Scale Mississippi was used. And The data analyzed by descriptive indicators and covariance analysis test. Results: The results Analysis of covariance showed a significant difference There was between the mean scores of post-test two experimental and control groups in symptom total score PTSD)F=53/75, P<0.000), Intrusive memories)F=53/55, P<0.000),  Problem in interpersonal relation)F=41/44, P<0.000),  Inability to control affections) F=39/76, P<0.000),  Depression)F=51/27, P<0.000),  Score general recognition of post-traumatic)F=22/32, P<0.000),  Negative cognitions about self)F=37/20, P<0.000),  Negative cognitions about the world)F=31/65, P<0.000),  Self-blame)F=63/78, P<0.000). Conclusion: As the results show Holographic reprocessing therapy in improving Traumatic memories and recognition post-traumatic women of divorce applicant has been effective. Reprocessing holographic with identification expremental hologram of client Causes alter and reconstruction her perception of a past event And to modify and change its beliefs .

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Background: The aim of this study was to present and evaluate the effectiveness of an integrated model of emotionally focused approach and Gottman model on feeling of loneliness in married women. Methods: For this study, quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test, follow up and control group was used. The study population included married women who referred to Tehransar health center. The sample consisted of 26 volunteer participants, which were selected using convenience sampling method, in two groups, including experimental (n = 13) and control (n = 13) groups. All participants were asked to complete the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA-S). Results: Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) results showed that the integrated model of emotionally focused approach and Gottman model significantly decrease feeling of loneliness and its subscales (romantic loneliness, family loneliness, social loneliness). Additionally, using repeated measures in follow-up conducted one month later showed satisfactory results about the effectiveness of the integrated model in the experimental group. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the specifically designed integrated model of emotionally focused approach and Gottman model can be used to decrease feeling of loneliness in married women.

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Aim: Domestic violence against women is a widespread social problem that can be found in most communities. The intensity and extent of violence against women can be influenced by different cultural and social factors such as cultural capital. The aim of this study is examined the relationship between cultural capital and domestic violence against married women in Mehriz city and provide Solutions for reducing violence against women. To achieve intended objectives of  the research, is used the Bourdieu's cultural capital theory and  Good's Resources theory. Method: This research  done using method survey and  multi-stage cluster sampling on 309  individuals from 15 to 60 years old married women of Mehriz city. Techniques used in this research is researcher made questionnaires. Finding: The Results of data analysis showed that between cultural capital of Women and its dimensions (embodied cultural capital, objectified cultural capital and institutionalized cultural capital) with Domestic violence against women were Reverse and significant relationship. Conclusion: were more the cultural capital of women, violence against women is less. 

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Infertility has been described as creating a form of stress leading to a variety of psychological problems. Psychological interventions are effective treatments for infertility stress.  Therefore, this study was performed to examine the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral based sexual skills education on marital adjustment in infertile women in Kermanshah. This study was quasi-experimental of pretest, post-test with control group type and its statistical method was Multivariable Analyze of Covariance. The sample population was chosen out of 22-37 years old women suffer from infertility referring to infertility clinics of Kermanshah, with the diagnosis of sexual dysfunction. Twenty people were selected among 33 people qualified to participate in this study and placed randomly in two control and experimental group. The people who were in experimental group, participated in sexual skills education meetings for 10 sessions. Control group received no intervention during this time. In order to record the score changes, the Female Sexual Function Index (2000) and Dyadic Adjustment Scale (1976) were filled out by participants. The results of Multivariable Analyze of Covariance showed that sexual skills education has significant effect on marital adjustment score, so that the score of marital adjustment for women suffer from infertility increased significantly. Therefore, the clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, gynaecologists are encouraged to use the method of cognitive-behavioral based sexual skills education to improve the marital adjustment in the women suffer from infertility.

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Purpose: Mental rumination is a strong predictor for depression. Depression can damage the marital relationship. Therefore, this study was aimed at investigating the consequences of rumination in women with marital conflicts. Methods: This research was carried out qualitatively using thematic analysis method. The sampling method was purposeful and continued until data saturation. The data was obtained from 15 married women who had marital conflicts. To collect data, semi-structured interviews were used. Results: After analyzing the data content, six main categories were obtained, including: symptoms of depression (physical pains, loss of energy, impatience, reduced desire to live, sleep problems and lack of motivation, and lower sexual desires), negative emotions (anger, sadness, hatred, sense of revenge, malice, and anxiety), impulsivity (aggression and lack of control over behavior), lowered efficiency (aggression to children, reduced association with children, and failing to do the household chores), getting caught up in negative association cycles (controversy, criticism, resentment towards spouse), and resentment towards others (reduced communication with others and withdrawal). Conclusion: When the conflict is not resolved, the process of mental rumination is activated in women which leads to consequences such as reduced efficacy in both individual and marital relationships, as well as depression. Depression leads to increased mental rumination and marital conflics.

 

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Purpose: In Iranian culture, divorce is considered to be an undesirable phenomenon that brings with it a lot of consequences and serious challenges and concerns for people, especially women. In order to deal with the phenomenon of divorce and the subsequent stigma, divorced women often have to consider coping strategies. The aim of the present study is to clarify the coping strategies of women after divorce. Methods: The present qualitative study was conducted using thematic analysis through semi-structured interviews, with 21 divorced women living in the city of Baneh, Iran. Purposive sampling was used and the data collection process continued until data saturation was achieved. Results: The analysis of qualitative data revealed two types of strategies which included adaptable and maladaptive strategies of coping with conditions after divorce. Discussion: The results of the present study revealed that the use of coping strategies among divorced women is different depending on the personal ability, family and social support, and social capital at their disposal. Identifying strategies used by women to deal with conditions of divorce would give a more comprehensive understanding of their needs. Accordingly, empowering divorced women, teaching  them coping strategies, strengthening family support, and providing social opportunities are some measures that results in the enhancement of the coping strategies of divorced women in post-divorce situation.
 

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Purpose: This study investigates the effectiveness community based intervention on post-divorce adjustment of divorced women. Method: The statistical populations of this study were all divorced women in Arak city, Iran, who have been divorce for less than 5 years in 2017. 34 women were recruited using convenience sampling and were divided into control and experimental groups (N=17).  Fisher’s divorce adjustment scale (FDAS) (2004) was administered as pre- and post – test for both groups. Experimental group participated in 10 sessions – 2 hours each – community based intervention while control group did not received any treatment. Results: Results show that community-based program was effective on divorce adjustment except for anger and social trust subscale  (p> 0.05). Conclusion: This study shows that community based intervention is effective on divorce adjustment and therefore, can be used as a reliable intervention for divorced women. 

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify and explain the communication reactions of female victims of infidelity. Methods: The present study employed a phenomenoogical qualitative methodology. The study population consisted of female victims of infidelity in Shemiranat in the year 2016. Data collection continued through interviews until theoretical saturation was obtained. For this 18 women who were victims of infidelity were selected through purposive sampling and were investigated using semi-structured interviews, and the elicited data was analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings: The data analysis in regards to the communication reactions of women victimized by infidelity resulted in two main themes, 10 subthemes, and 29 initial concepts. The main theme and associated sub-themes were: A). ‘The dissociation of communications’ consisting of the following subthemes: 1. the dissociation of mother-child relationship, 2. the dissociation of father-child relationship, 3. the dissociation of marital relationship, 4. The dissociation of family relationships, 5. the dissociation of interpersonal relationships, 6. the dissociation of relationship with God; and B). "Communications continuity", consisting of the following sub-themes: 1. the continuity of spousal relationship, 2. improving the mother-child relationship, 3. getting social support, 4. improving the relationship with God. Conclusions: This study showed that infidelity has similar and sometimes different communicational effects that are experienced by female victims of infidelity. the effects of infidelity can be either maladaptive or adaptive. The results were interpreted based on the social construction and attachment theories.

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Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the causes of marital infidelity in women. Method: The method of this research was qualitative. The 17 women who experienced marital infidelity and were willing to cooperate with the researcher were selected through targeted sampling. They were deeply studied using semi-structured interviews. The study used the Grounded Theory approach to explain and analyze the findings. Finding: Three major categories were found about the causes of female marital infidelity. The causes of marital infidelity Included the boredom of life after each other's discovery, the inherent weaknesses of marriage, vulnerability when sexual or emotional need blocked, and Society transformation, The conservator factors Included the desire to experience excitement, the disclaimer of self and the emphasis on spouse features, to earn much creativity in gaining time for a relationship and hiding it, gaining courage for discovering new features in yourself, And responding to infidelity Included desire for divorce, Restoration of marital life, endurance of stress. Conclusion: To prevent marital infidelity, family education and enrichment of premarital relationships, these categories should be considered.

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Aim: One of the most important factors influencing the stability and growth of family is marital adjustment. Marital adjustment refers to a situation in which couples often are concerned about each other’s welfare and satisfaction, which this process is established during the couples' life. Current research is aimed at studying the effect of relationship enhancement program training on increasing women' marital adjustment for women under the support of Imam Khomeyni Foundation. For this purpose, an experimental design with a pretest-posttest and control group was used. Among women volunteered to participate in the sessions, 40 individuals were chosen and randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group received relationship enhancement program training during six 90-minute sessions, while the control group received no training. Participants from both groups completed Spanier' marital adjustment questionnaire. Results from analysis of covariance and independent samples t-test showed that group relationship enhancement program training sessions significantly increased marital adjustment and its dimensions (satisfaction, cohesion, consolation and affection expression).
 

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Aim: The purpose of this study was to develop a life skills training based on native Iranian culture and to determine its effectiveness on the happiness and resilience of divorced women. Methods: The research method used was qualitative-quantitative. The statistical population for this research included all divorced women between the ages of 30 and 40 who referred to counseling and psychological services centers of city of Kerman in the first half of 1395 (Persian calendar), among whom 30 were selected thrgouh available sampling method and were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (15 subjects each). To collect data, Conner and Davidson Resilience (2003) and Oxford Happiness (1989) Questionnaires were used. The training program was performed in 11 ninety-minute sessions  in the experimental group, and the control group was placed in the waiting list. The results were analyzed using covariance analysis. Results: The findings showed that the content validity ratio (CVR) was calculated based on the Lavoshe method for 10 experts (0/83), and the content validity index (CVI) based on the Waltz and Bassel methods for this number was 0/80, and based on comparing these values with the acceptable value of both indicators, the content validity of the program is acceptable. Also, the results showed that life skills training had an impact on increasing the happiness and resiliency of the experimental group compared to the control group (p<0/01). Conclusion: According to the results, life skills program (self-awareness, coping with stress, empathy) based on indigenous culture is an appropriate and effective program for divorced women and its implementation can affect the happiness and resiliency of these individuals.

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The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of group therapy based on Acceptance and Commitment  with integrating Acceptance and Commitment therapy and compassion Focus Therapy on the psychological well-being of divorced women.The research method  was quasi-experimental based on a pre-test, post-test design and follow-up with control group. The statistical population were divorced women who were referred to Ameneh Family Counselling Center in Tehran, during of 2016-2017 years. The sample included 32 divorced women who were selected by available and purposive sampling method in three group (2 experimental groups and 1 control group) including12 persons in each group. The first experimental group was received 10 sessions of ACT techniques and second experimental group was received 10 sessions of CFACT techniques (weekly 120 minutes’ sessions), but the control group did not receive any intervention. The research instrument was Reyf’s Psychological well-being Scale (RSPWB). Data were analyzed by using analysis of variance with repeated measures. The results indicated that both Acceptance and Commitment therapy and integration  of ACT with CFT on psychological well-being of divorced women were significantly effective. Also efficacy of CFACT on increasing of psychological well-being divorced women was better than ACT. Regarding the findings, the use of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy And integration of ACT with CFT  is an effective treatment for  promoting of psychological well-being of divorced women.
Keywords: Acceptance and commitment therapy, Compassion focus therapy, Psychological well-being, Divorced women

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Aim: The aim of this study was to compare job adaptation indicators for men and women in crisis. Methods: The present research method is mixed (qualitative-quantitative). Families living in city of Sarpolzahab who remained in their city after the Kermanshah earthquake and adapted to the conditions of their area of ​​residence were the sample population. Cluster random sampling method was used to select the sample members. Five districts were selected from the total number of families living in city of Sarpolzahab, in which 380 families were selected as the research sample. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to measure job adaptation to crisis. The construction and adjustment of this questionnaire was obtained through statistical themes from qualitative data. In the present study, the total validity coefficient of the job matching questionnaire with crisis was 0.886. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyze the data and Tukey post-hoc test results were reported in more detail. Findings: The findings showed that the components of professional adaptation (professional occupations based on ability and skill, professional occupations based on knowledge and professional occupations based on motivation) did not differ significantly between men and women. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that due to the crisis, women and men, due to their gender roles, the necessary adaptation happened in the crisis and no significant difference was found between them in terms of job adaptation.

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Aim: The goal of this study was to qualitatively analyze the factors underlying extramarital relationships in women with extramarital relationships. Methods: The goal of the present study is applied, and in terms of the methodology is a qualitative research. The target population are women referring to counseling centers in city of Yazd witha history of marital infidelity, from which 15  people were selected as a sample through convenient sampling and a  semi-structured interview was used. Decoding was performed using thematic analysis method. Findings: The results showed that the underlying factors of extramarital relationships can be identified in three dimensions. In the dimension of family and culture, two main themes were obtained, which included family and parenting style and gender-cultural schemas. Also, in the dimension of interpersonal issues, three main themes including self-esteem, feelings of inferiority and cohesion of personality and behavior were obtained.In the dimension of interpersonal issues, the main themes included relationship challenges and outward looks criteria. Conclusion: Extramarital relationships from the perspective of women are influenced by cultural, educational, and early years’ schemas experiences. Results also showed that extramarital relationships is a multidimentional construct that cannot be only related to psychological factors. So, for knowing the the underlying factors attention must also be given to cultural diversity in Iran.

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Abstract
 
Aim: The present study was conducted to investigate the life experience of divorced men and women in coping with divorce. Methods: This qualitative study was performed using phenomenological methodology. The research was conducted using purposive sampling of divorced individuals in Shiraz during 1398-99. Finally, after conducting 22 semi-structured interviews, data saturation was reached. The interviews were analyzed using the phenomenological methodology. Results: In this study, 3 main themes and 12 sub-themes were obtained, which are: 1- Family is an effective source in achieving adaptation, 2- Individual resilience, and 3- Social resilience. The theme of family as a source includes 2 sub-themes: Emotional support, material support (acceptance, sympathy, housing, etc.), individual resilience theme including 5 sub-themes of mourning, connection to spirituality, accepting divorce, moving towards excellence, controlling emotions (thanksgiving, accepting current living conditions, planning for the future, growing positive emotions, etc.). The theme of social inclusion includes 2 sub-themes of personal growth, earning income and financial independence (strengthening individual skills, earning income and economic stability, etc.). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate the need for comprehensive attention to the issues of divorced men and women after separation and to take effective measures to empower them to achieve adaptation to the conditions after separation

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Aim: Today, divorce is one of the risks threatening marital life which can create many psychological and social problems, in particular, for women, so more attention should be given to it. The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the subliminal approach on depression and resilience among women with addict husbands who were appealing to divorce. Methods: The research method was of semi-experimental type in which a pretest-posttest with control group design was used to achieve objectives. The statistical population of the study included all the women with addict husbands appealing for divorce in the first half of 2020 who were referring to different branches of the family courts of Tehran, Iran. Among the population, 30 women meeting the inclusion criteria of the study were selected through available sampling method, and then, were assigned into two experiment and control groups by random assignment method (15 subject in each group). Both groups completed Beck Depression Inventory (1991) and Connor and Davidson’s Resilience Scale (2003). The experimental group was delivered the Subliminal therapy approach and the control group was not delivered any therapy protocol. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics indices and covariance analysis method. Findings: Results showed that the subliminal approach has led to significant reduction in the scores of depression (P<0.01, Ƞ²=0.63) and significant increase in the scores of resilience (P<0.01, Ƞ²=0.68) in the experiment group compared to the control group (P<0.01). Conclusion: According to the results, it can be said that the subliminal approach is effective in reducing depression and increasing resilience in women with addict husbands who appeal for divorce. Therefore, this approach can be used as an appropriate interventional method to cure depression and increase resilience in psychological and counseling centers.