Journal of counseling research

the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on cognitive components (cognitive fusion, cognitive avoidance and cognitive flexibility) and oxidative stress in women with type 2 diabetes

fateme khakshoorShandiZ

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on cognitive components (fusion, avoidance and cognitive flexibility) and oxidative stress in women with type-2 diabetes. Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test/post-test design and control group on 60 female patients with type-2 diabetes referred to public health centers in Birjand (Iran) during 2016. Participants in the two experimental groups (40 subjects) and one control group (20 subjects) were recruited through convenient sampling and the tests administered randomly. Data collection tools included Gilander et al. (2014) Cognitive Integration Questionnaire, Sexton and Ducas (2008) Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire, and Dennis and Vanderwall (2010) Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire. Also, the experimental group was presented with Fendaic (2017) Dialectical Behavior Therapy protocol, Ghahari Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (2016) and cognitive therapy based on Seagal, Williams & Tizdell (2002) mindfulness, which was not presented to the control group. Data analysis was performed using univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance. Findings: The results showed that dialectical behavior therapy, in comparison with mindfulness-based cognition therapy on reducing cognitive components, and oxidative stress and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on thought-suppression and emotional components in patients with diabetes is effective (P <0.05). Conclusion: According to the findings, dialectical behavior therapy can be used as a complementary therapy to improve the emotional and cognitive components of diabetic patients compared to mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Adolescent-Centered Mindfulness (MBCT) and Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) on Self-Esteem and Sleep Disorder of Bereaved Adolescents

Gholam Reza Manshaei

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of adolescent-reasoned mindfulness (MBCT) and emotionally focused therapy (EFT) on self-esteem and sleep Disorder of bereaved adolescents. Methods: The study had a quasi-experimental design, with a post-test, pretest design, control group, and follow- up phase. The statistical population of bereaved adolescents referred to the counseling clinics department of education in city of Shiraz during the year 2017-2018. From among this population, 48 were selected through available sampling and were randomly divided into two experimental groups, adolescent-centered mindfulness and, emotionally focused therapy, in addition to a control group. One experimental group received adolescent-centered mindfulness for 10 one-hour long sessions, while the second experimental group received emotionally-focused therapy for 8 one-hour long sessions. The subjects were evaluated with Self-Esteem Questionnaire (SEI , 1989) and Sleep Disorder Questionnaire (PSQI, 1967) before the initiation of treatment. Fourty-five days following the conclusion of group training, a follow-up was performed. The control group had no group education. Data were analyzed using repeated measures. Results: Results showed that the use of adolescent-centered mindfulness and emotionally-focused therapy is effective on self-esteem and sleep disorder of bereaved adolescents (p<0/05). The effect of adolescent-centered mindfulness were greater than emotionally-focused therapy and the changes were stable through the time. Conclusions: According to this study, it can be concluded that both adolescent-centered mindfulness training and emotionally-focused interventios are effective for self-esteem and sleeping problems in adolescents, and that adolescent-centered mindfulness was more effective in increasing self-esteem and reducing sleeping proglems.

The comparison of effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy with Integrating Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Compassion Focus Therapy on psychological well-being of Divorced Women

Mohammad Ghamari

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of group therapy based on Acceptance and Commitment with integrating Acceptance and Commitment therapy and compassion Focus Therapy on the psychological well-being of divorced women.The research method was quasi-experimental based on a pre-test, post-test design and follow-up with control group. The statistical population were divorced women who were referred to Ameneh Family Counselling Center in Tehran, during of 2016-2017 years. The sample included 32 divorced women who were selected by available and purposive sampling method in three group (2 experimental groups and 1 control group) including12 persons in each group. The first experimental group was received 10 sessions of ACT techniques and second experimental group was received 10 sessions of CFACT techniques (weekly 120 minutes’ sessions), but the control group did not receive any intervention. The research instrument was Reyf’s Psychological well-being Scale (RSPWB). Data were analyzed by using analysis of variance with repeated measures. The results indicated that both Acceptance and Commitment therapy and integration of ACT with CFT on psychological well-being of divorced women were significantly effective. Also efficacy of CFACT on increasing of psychological well-being divorced women was better than ACT. Regarding the findings, the use of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy And integration of ACT with CFT is an effective treatment for promoting of psychological well-being of divorced women.
Keywords: Acceptance and commitment therapy, Compassion focus therapy, Psychological well-being, Divorced women

The Effect of Career Adaptability Counseling on Students’ Academic Engagement and Performance

Mohammad Reza Abedi

Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of career adaptability counseling on academic engagement and performance. Methods: The method of this study was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and follow up design with a control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all first-grade male students in Isfahan middle schools in the 2017-18 academic year. Fifty students were randomly selected and allocated randomly into two experimental (n=25) and control (n=25) groups. Pre-test was performed for both groups. The experimental group received seven 75-minute career adaptability counseling sessions using Savikas’s career counseling method (Hartong & Vess, 2016). The post-test was administered at the end of counseling sessions. Then the follow-up test was performed for both groups after one month. Academic engagement questionnaire (Arshambolt, et al., 2009) was used to measure the academic engagement. Also, the mean grades on final exam during the first semester and on the midterm exam in the second semester were considered as post-test evaluation. Similarly, second semester final exam grades were used as follow up of students' academic performance. The results of variance analysis with repeated measurement indicated that career adaptability counseling had an impact on academic engagement and performance. Furthermore, paired comparison test in three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up showed that the mean scores increased in the post-test (p <0.01) and remained stable into the follow-up. The results of the present study indicate that career adaptability counseling is an effective method for increasing the impact of academic engagement and performance.

Comparing the Coping Strategies and Psychological Adjustment in Depressed Women Experiencing Intrauterine Fetal Death (IUFD)

Niaz Yousefi

Aim: The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the coping strategies and levels of psychological adjustment in depressed and non-depressed women experiencing intrauterine fetal death (IUFD). Methods: This was a causal-comparative study. The research population includes all the depressed and non-depressed women experiencing intra-uterine fetal death who had active case file in specialized infertility clinics of district 5 of Tehran in 2017. Thirty depressed women experiencing intra-uterine fetal death and 30 non-depressed women experiencing intra-uterine fetal death (total 60 subjects) were selected through available sampling. For gathering the data, coping inventory for stressful situations (CISS), Veit and Ware’s mental health inventory, and Beck’s depression inventory were used. The data were analysed by statistical methods of multivariate analysis of variance. Findings: Results suggested that there is a significant difference in problem-focused coping strategies and emotionally-focused coping strategies in depressed and non-depressed women (P<0.01), but no significant difference was observed in avoidance coping strategies among depressed and non-depressed women (P=0.79). Also, results indicated that psychological helplessness is significantly lower in non-depressed women compared to depressed women and non-depressed women enjoy higher psychological well-being (P<0.001). Conclusion: The present study showed that coping strategies and psychological adjustment are variables that can affect the depression of women experiencing intrauterine fetal death. Therefore, these variables should be considered in order to treat the depression of these individuals.

Development and psychometric properties of the Social Network Sites Engagement Scale (SNSES)

hassan boland

Aim: The aim of this study was to develop a valid and reliable tool for measuring the level of people's participation in social network sites (SNS). Method: This research is in the R&D field in terms of purpose and is descriptive-survey type in terms of data collection method (research design). 979 students were selected out of all students studying in the University of Guilan in 2017-2018 using multi-stage random cluster sampling. A set of questions, after confirming their face validity, was given to the participants and all collected data was analyzed through heuristic method (based on data from 400 precipitants) and then by confirmatory method (using data from 579 participants) to determine the construct validity of the developing test. Results: A scale containing 34 items was developed and the items were distributed among the three factors of "emotion / cognition exchange" (20 items), "engagement intensity" (7 items) and "culture exchange" (7 items). Taken together, these three factors accounted for 46.73% of the total variance of the questionnaire. Based on the results of the reliability analysis (internal consistency), the coefficients obtained for the factors were between 0.81 and 0.90, among which emotion / cognition exchange had the highest coefficient of internal consistency index, followed by cultural exchange and engagement intensity, respectively.; The overall internal consistency of the questionnaire was 0.92. Conclusion: The Social Network Sites Engagement Scale (SNSES) has acceptable validity and reliability for measuring the level of participation in social network sites.

The mediating role of self-compassion in relation between cognitive schemas of parents and happiness of children in students of first period of high school in Tehran

monireh nasimi

Aim: The aim of this research was to investigate the mediating role of self-compassion in relation between cognitive schemas of parents and happiness of children in students of first period of high school in Tehran. Methods: This research was a correlational study. In order to gather the data, three questionnaires, including Oxford Happiness Inventory (Hill and Argyle, 2002), Young Schema Questionnaire (Young, 1990) and Self-Compassion Scale (Neff, 2003) were used. Statistical population included middle school students and their mothers in Tehran. From among this population, 384 individuals were selected through random cluster sampling. Data was analyzed through analysis of structural equations. Findings : data Obtained indicated that parents’ cognitive schemas have direct influence on children’s happiness. Among the 15 parents’ maladjustment schemas, the incompetency incompetency, mistrust, social isolation, unrelenting standards, insufficient self-control, and defectiveness had significant effect on children’s happiness. Moreover, the mediating role of self-compassion and happiness in children was significantly influenced by mistrust, social isolation, unrelenting standards, and insufficient self- control schemas. Conclusion: Parents whose life experiences have shaped maladaptive schemas in their life have negative effects on their children’s positive emotion, and decrease the happiness of their children through their wrong behaviors.

The Role of Psychological Inflexibility and Emotion Dysregulation in Predicting Intensity of Anger in Competitive Athletes

Rasol Roshan

Aim:The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of psychological inflexibility and emotion dysregulation in predicting intensity of anger in competitive athletes. Methods: This was a descriptive and correlational research. The statistical population of this study consisted of all competitive athletes (all athletes who participated in any level of competitive sport, either individual or collective) in city of Ardebil in 2019. From a total of participants, 312 were selected through cluster sampling to be included in the study. To collect data, the Clinical Anger Scale (Snell et al , 1995), Comprehensive assessment of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (Comp ACT) Scale (Francis et al, 2016) and Emotion Dysregulation Scale (Gratz, & Roemer, 2004) were used. Data analysis was done through Pearson correlation and Multiple Linear regression formula. Results: The results of multiple regression analysis also showed that 38% of variance of intensity of anger is explained by components of psychological inflexibility and emotion dysregulation variables. There was also a significant positive relationship between psychological inflexibility and emotion dysregulation with intensity of anger (P<0/05). Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can probably be said that athletes who are not capable of emotion regulation and are not capable of flexible behaviors in competitive situations, experience more anger.

A qualitative study on the necessary content for entrepreneurship training courses in the viewpoint of young entrepreneurs

Yasser Rezapour Mirsaleh

Aim: The purpose of present study was to qualitatively investigate the neccassary content for entrepreneurship training courses in the viewpoint of young entrepreneurs who lived in Yazd province, in order to providing more effective training courses. Method: This study was a qualitative research that using grounded theory. The population of the study consisted of men and women who participated in entrepreneurship courses held in Yazd province during 2011-2017 and are currently known as entrepreneur. Purposeful sampling was performed until the theoretical saturation of the interviews. Finally, 20 individuals (16 males and 4 females) were interviewed in a semi-structured manner and then the interviews were analyzed using three phases of open, axial and selective coding. Results: The results showed that in order to improve the effectiveness of entrepreneurship training courses, in intrapersonal dimension, several skills such as self-management, independence, social skills, motivational factors, control and orientation of problems, personality traits, emotional self-regulation and identifying and correcting of cognitive errors should be considered. In interpersonal dimension, coping with destructive behaviors, efficient interpersonal relationships, and social and organizational motivations are more important. In the occupational dimension, legal knowledge, economic, technology knowledge and networking knowledge should be considered. Finally, in the educational dimension, training prerequisites and structural and legal factors must be taken into account in order to have better entrepreneurship training courses. Finally, paradigm model of the content of entrepreneurship training courses was presented. Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that educational content of the current entrepreneurship training courses should be revised.

The pattern of “Weness” evolution in Successful couples based on grounded theory

kiumars farahbakhsh

Aim: The purpose of this study was to present a model to explain the evolution of Weness in couples. Method: Hence, based on the specific characteristics of Weness structure, qualitative research approach and grounded theory method was applied. The population of this study consisted of all couples living in Tehran who, according to their own statements, had a successful married life. The method of sampling was purposeful sampling and The number of participants in this study, after theoretical saturation, was 7 successful couples who were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was performed based on three techniques of open coding, axial coding and selective coding. Findings: The results showed that Weness structure includes two categories of intera- and extra-marital interaction strategies. Weness impelling factors also include three categories of cognitive, supportive and motivational impelling. The Weness consequence also occurs in the form of two central components of egocentrism in the couple's identity and the preservation of individuality in the couple's identity. Conclusion: There are three categories of cognitive, motivational and supportive factors that move couples towards Weness. Couples also use two categories of intramarital and extramarital strategies in process of becoming We. If these factors are properly combined and interconnected, Weness process in couples will be fulfilled, according to which, prevention of egocentrism in the couple's identity and the preservation of individuality in the couple's identity will be seen as a result.

Ethics-Based Parenting Model: Definition and training Principles based on Allameh Tabataba'i View Point

Kowsar Dehdast

Aim: Ethics, that is, a permanent endurance of good moral qualities in the form of "Manesh" in human beings, which can not be achieved through mere moral education. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to obtain an ethics-based approach to parenting. Methods: For this purpose, in the first part of the study, we examined and explained the definition and principles of ethics- based training from the perspective of Allameh Tabataba'i with hermeneutic research method and in the last part, practical paths for internalizing morality in children were presented. Results: The findings showed that principles of ethics-based training contains of 5 affirmative axis : “Moral stability”, “communicability of action”, “awareness”, “ being Practical Man” , “ motivation” and 2 underlie axis include of: “inheritance of ethics” , “ peripheral communicability “.Conclusion: This principles can be applied for presenting the Parenting model with the centrality of Manesh Training.