Journal of counseling research

Qualitative Analysis of the Underlying Factors for Extramarital Relationships in Women Experiencing Extramarital Relationships : A Qualitative Study

hassan zareimahmodabadi

Aim: The goal of this study was to qualitatively analyze the factors underlying extramarital relationships in women with extramarital relationships. Methods: The goal of the present study is applied, and in terms of the methodology is a qualitative research. The target population are women referring to counseling centers in city of Yazd witha history of marital infidelity, from which 15 people were selected as a sample through convenient sampling and a semi-structured interview was used. Decoding was performed using thematic analysis method. Findings: The results showed that the underlying factors of extramarital relationships can be identified in three dimensions. In the dimension of family and culture, two main themes were obtained, which included family and parenting style and gender-cultural schemas. Also, in the dimension of interpersonal issues, three main themes including self-esteem, feelings of inferiority and cohesion of personality and behavior were obtained.In the dimension of interpersonal issues, the main themes included relationship challenges and outward looks criteria. Conclusion: Extramarital relationships from the perspective of women are influenced by cultural, educational, and early years’ schemas experiences. Results also showed that extramarital relationships is a multidimentional construct that cannot be only related to psychological factors. So, for knowing the the underlying factors attention must also be given to cultural diversity in Iran.

Comparison of Job Adaptation Indicators in Crisis between Men and Women

somaye kazemian

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare job adaptation indicators for men and women in crisis. Methods: The present research method is mixed (qualitative-quantitative). Families living in city of Sarpolzahab who remained in their city after the Kermanshah earthquake and adapted to the conditions of their area of residence were the sample population. Cluster random sampling method was used to select the sample members. Five districts were selected from the total number of families living in city of Sarpolzahab, in which 380 families were selected as the research sample. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to measure job adaptation to crisis. The construction and adjustment of this questionnaire was obtained through statistical themes from qualitative data. In the present study, the total validity coefficient of the job matching questionnaire with crisis was 0.886. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyze the data and Tukey post-hoc test results were reported in more detail. Findings: The findings showed that the components of professional adaptation (professional occupations based on ability and skill, professional occupations based on knowledge and professional occupations based on motivation) did not differ significantly between men and women. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that due to the crisis, women and men, due to their gender roles, the necessary adaptation happened in the crisis and no significant difference was found between them in terms of job adaptation.

An Eclectic Model of Motivational Interviewing with Islamic Ontological Orientation and Motivation of Change in Domestic Violence

Maryam Sadeghifard

Aim: The aim of this paper was to offer an eclectic model of motivational interviewing with Islamic ontological orientation in motivation of change in domestic violence. Methods: This research was qualitative and was carried out using Hermeneutics and content analysis. The sources for analysis were the collection of books and articles representing model of motivational interviewing and collection of verses of the holy Quran, Allame Tabatabaie and Javad Amollie including Tabatabaie Alimizan Tafsir and written works of Motahhary and Javad Amollie published until 2020. Analysis sample were subjects and words related to basics and principles of motivation (orientation, desire, and wish), motivation for change, and violence that was extracted using theoretical sampling. Findings: Research results in qualitative section were based on principles, process, content and techniques of motivational interviewing in motivation to change related to domestic violence and principles of ontological orientation about motivation in natural and innate dimensions. Conclusion: Based on the results, eclectic model of motivational interviewing with Islamic ontological orientation was offered in four sections including principles, processes, content and techniques.

Comparing the Effectiveness of Group Counseling based on Dialectical Behavior Therapy and Metacognitive Therapy on Reducing Aggression in Adolescent Boys with Divorced Parents

Ali Akbar Godini

Aim: Adolescent aggression causes significant disruption to one’s individual and interpersonal life and, if left unchecked, can change their destiny. The purpose of this study was to conduct a comparison between the effects of two approaches, namely metacognitive therapy and dialectical behavior therapy, on reducing aggression in adolescent boys with divorced parents. Methods: The design of the present study was a quasi-experimental research including control group with pre-test, post-test and follow-up. The sample, consisting of 36 male students whose parents were divorced, was selected by convenience sampling method. The research tool was Aggression Questionnaire (Buss & Perry,1992). Research data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Findings: The analysis of covariance in adolescents undergoing dialectical behavior therapy (p <0.05) and metacognitive therapy (P <0.01) interventions showed significant results. Both groups showed less aggression than adolescents in the control group and a significant difference was observed between the effects of these two types of interventions in reducing aggression. Conclusion: Based on the findings and the two-month follow-up, it can be concluded that dialectical behavior therapy reduced aggression among children of divorce by changing the components of emotional regulation, and metacognitive therapy did so by changing negative and irrational cognitions

Burnout and Well-Being in Couples Relationships: The Predictive Role of Moral Virtues in Dyadic Relationship

Seyyedeh Fatemeh Mousavi

Aim: The current study was done with the aim of investigating the role of marital virtues in promoting well-being and coping with marital burnout of married men and women living in Tehran. The research method is descriptive and correlation. Methods: For this purpose, 290 married people (152 women and 138 men) were selected through convenient sampling. For data collection, the researcher-made Marital Virtues Scale, the Well-being Scale WHO-5 (2012), and Marital Burnout Scale (Pines, 1996) were administrated. Data were analyzed using correlation and stepwise regression tests. Results: The findings showed that there was a significant positive correlation between all marital virtues’ subscales and the well-being and there was a negative significant correlation between all marital virtues’ subscales and marital burnout. Also, the results showed the virtues of fairness, tolerance, love, and empathy can explain 13% of the variance of well-being (F=14.68, p <.001) and the virtues of fairness, foresight and precaution, love, and empathy can explain 33% of the variance of marital burnout (F=47.06, p <.001). Conclusion: The cultivation of moral virtues over time can predict well-being in couples and could be considered as a strategy to deal with marital burnout.

Comparison of the effectiveness of reality-based couple therapy and group Forgiveness Therapy on marital adjustment, emotional differentiation and intimacy of couples with emotional divorce

amir panahali

Introduction: Emotional or silent divorce is the most dangerous type of divorce. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of reality-based couple therapy and group forgiveness therapy on marital adjustment, emotional differentiation, and intimacy of divorced couples.
Materials and Methods: The research design of this study is semi-experimental and the type of design is multi-group pre-test and post-test. The statistical population is all married couples referred to Tabriz Andisheh Relief Centers and Allameh Amini for counseling. Purposeful sampling was performed based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria (year of marriage, age, education and emotional divorce), thus, 42 patients (21 couples) were randomly divided into three reality therapy groups. (8 sessions), forgiveness therapy (8 sessions) and control group were selected. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the results and repeated measures test was used to evaluate the scores at follow-up.
Results: Findings indicated that despite the favorable effect of both therapies, reality therapy had more significant effect on adaptation variable than therapeutic forgiveness. Also, none of the above treatments had a significant effect on the differentiation variable, and only the reality therapy had a significant effect on the intimate variable.
Conclusion: Training the principles of reality therapy, informing the spouses about the severity of their needs and creating a sense of responsibility for the satisfaction of their needs can play an important role in establishing and improving intimate relationships and couple adjustment.

Comparison the Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Reality Therapy (WDEP) on Self-care Behaviors in Female Patients with Breast Cancer

mina mojtabaie

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of acceptance, commitment and reality therapy based on self-care behaviors in female patients with breast cancer.
Methods: The design of the present study was a quasi-experimental group of three groups of pre-test-post-test with control group and with follow-up. The present study population was female patients with breast cancer aged 25 to 45 years who referred to the oncology ward of Imam Hossein Hospital in Tehran in the second half of 1398. In this study, three experimental groups were used, the number of people in each group was 20. The method was as follows: the first experimental group, the treatment protocol based on acceptance and commitment, and the second experimental group, the reality therapy intervention, were performed in eight sessions of 90 minutes. But the control group did not receive any intervention. Mixed analysis of variance was used to analyze the data.
Results: Finally, in examining the effectiveness of acceptance, commitment and reality therapy approaches, it was found that there is a difference between the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy and reality therapy on self-care behaviors in female patients with breast cancer. In other words, reality therapy has a greater effect on increasing self-care behaviors in female patients with breast cancer than acceptance and commitment therapy.
Conclusion: Considering the effect of reality therapy approach on increasing self-care behaviors in female patients with breast cancer, the need for more attention and application of this approach and thus increasing the likelihood of self-care in patients is felt more than before.

The Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment-based Parenting Training on Parenting Styles of Mothers with Mentally Retarded Children

Hossein Ahmad Barabadi

Aim: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment-based parenting training on parenting styles of mothers with mentally retarded children. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental non-equivalent pretest-posttest control group study. The study population consisted of all the mothers of mentally retarded children attending exceptional elementary school in Bojnord between 2018 and 2019. Twenty-four volunteer mothers were selected and divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received acceptance and commitment-based parenting training, and the control group did not receive any training. The Baumrind Parenting Styles Questionnaire was used in this study. The data were analyzed by multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance. Findings: results showed that acceptance and commitment based parenting training increased authoritative parenting style and decreased permissive parenting style (p≤0/01). Moreover, acceptance and commitment-based parenting training did not have significant effect on authoritarian parenting style (p≥0/05). Conclusion: Acceptance and commitment-based parenting training can improve parenting styles of mothers with mentally retarded children.

The mediation role of attachment behaviors in relationship between interaction with family of origin with marital quality and depression

khaled aslani

The current research aimed to examine the mediation of attachment behaviors in the relationship between interaction with family of origin with marital quality and depression. The research design was inferential with path analysis method. The statistical population included all female students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in 2019-20 among whom 200 were recruited using available sampling method. The Family-of-Origin Scale (FOS; Hovestadt, et al., 1985), Brief Accessibility, Responsiveness, and Engagement Scale (BARE; Sandberg, et al., 2012), Dyadic Adjustment Scare - Revised Form (Busby, et al., 1995), and Beckchr('39')s Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck, 1972) were used to measure the variables. The data were analyzed using Pearson product moment correlation coefficient and path analysis method and SPSS-26 and AMOS-24 software. The results of the correlation analysis showed significant correlation among the variables. The goodness of fitness indices verified the model with one modification index. Furthermore, the results showed that the attachment behaviors significantly mediated the relationship between interaction with family-of-origin with depression and marital quality. According to the results, one can conclude that the type and severity of coupleschr('39') attachment behaviors have a critical contribution in affects of their interaction with family-of-origin on their depression and marital quality.

Predicting Students' Social Adjustment and Academic Achievement based on Parenting Attachment Styles

Ali syahmansoori

Aim: The purpose of this study was to predict social adjustment and academic achievement based on parental attachment styles in students. Methods: The method of this research was descriptive-correlational. The study population included 18,000 male and female first year high school students in Lorestan province in the academic year of 2014-15, which was conducted on a sample of 364 students (200 girls, 164 boys). Multi-stage cluster sampling method was selected. The California Social Adjustment Questionnaire (Klako et al., 1953) and the Hazen and Shaver Adult Attachment Styles Questionnaire (1897) were used to collect data, and the students' final grade point average was used to assess academic performance. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis (stepwise). Findings: The results of Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there was a meaningful negative relationship between avoidant attachment style (P=0.001, r=-0.35), anxiety attachment style (P=0.001, r=-0.29) with adaptation. Also, between secure attachment style (P≥0.001, r=0.41), attachment to mother (P≥0.001, r=0.35), attachment to father (P≥0.001, r=0.37) and attachment to friends (P=0.001, r=0.38) has a significant positive relationship with adaptation. Multiple regression results showed 31% of the total variance of students' academic adjustment by avoidant attachment style (β=-0.16), anxiety attachment style (β=-0.14), secure attachment (β=0.23), attachment to mother (β=0.10), attachment to father (β=0.15), and attachment to friends (β=0.09) are explained. Also, 14% of the variance of academic achievement is explained by the style of secure attachment (β=0.17), attachment to father (β=0.10) and attachment to friends (β=0.11). Conclusion: The present study showed that the first emotional bonds between child and mother play a fundamental role in the formation of social trust and the continuation of emotional relationships in the later period of growth, promoting it positively. Thus, with success in this field, social adjustment is achieved.

The Effectiveness of Strengths-based Career Counseling on Career Exploration, Self-efficacy and Dysfunctional Career Thoughts in Unemployed Female Graduates

Mohamad Sajjad seydi

Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of strengths-based career counseling on career exploration, career self-efficacy and dysfunctional career thoughts regulation among unemployed graduates. Methods: study was a quasi-experimental research with a pre-post-follow up design and a control group. Research population consisted of all unemployed female graduates in city of Islamabad Gharb in 2018. Convenient sampling method was employed and through inclusion criteria, 28 individuals were selected and then randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (14 in each group). The intervention involved four 90-minute weekly sessions using strengths-based career counseling. The control group did not receive any intervention. Career exploration survey, career self-efficacy scale and dysfunctional career thoughts scale were used to collect data. Data was analyzed using ANCOVA statistical method. Findings: The results showed that there is a significant difference at the post-test stages between experimental and control group in career exploration (P <0.001; F = 68.66; P <0.001; F = 102.99), career self-efficacy (P <0.001; F = 34.31; P <0.001; F = 47.94) and dysfunctional career thoughts (P <0.001; F = 7.89; P <0.001; F = 88.22). Also this difference is stable over the time, at the follow up in three month. Conclusion: It is recommended that executive directors and education officials conduct strengths-based career counseling for students on a large scale.

A comparison between the effect of career adaptability education to preschool children and attachment-based counseling to their parents on children’s’ career development in Isfahan city

Mohammadreza Abedi

Abstract
Aim: The aim of the current study was a comparison between the effect of career adaptability education to preschool children and attachment-based counseling to their parents on children’s’ career development in Isfahan city. Methods: Statistical population including all of preschool children, aged 5 to 7 and parents of 5 to 7-year-old preschool children in Isfahan city. 30 preschool children, aged 5 to 7 selected voluntary and randomly divided to two experiment and control groups (10 children in each group). Data was gathered by using preschool children’s’ career development questionnaire. The parent group received the Attachment-based counseling and the children group received the Career adaptability education both in 8 sessions and The control group did not receive any education. Data was analyzed by using SPSS-18 and analysis of covariance. Findings: The results showed that both career education to children and parents has significant effect on children’s’ career development (P<0.001), and It was no significant differences between the effect of two methods (P<0/05). Also the secondary finding from research suggest that two methods had significant effect on time perspective, internal curiosity, information and external curiosity (P<0/05). Conclusion: Therefore, the research findings illustrated that career educations to children and parents can have beneficial result on childrenchr('39')s career development.

Providing a Model for Predicting Emotional Divorce Based on Personality Traits (5 Neo Factors) and Job Self-Efficacy Mediated by Perceived Social Support in Married Women Working in Tehran Municipality

Farideh Dokaneei Fard

The aim of this study was to present a model for predicting emotional divorce based on attachment styles, personality traits and job self-efficacy mediated by perceived social support in employed married women. The method of this research was descriptive-correlational and explanatory with a structural model approach. 400 people were selected from the community of married women working in Tehran Municipality by cluster random sampling method. Guttman Emotional Divorce Questionnaire, Collins and Reed Attachment Questionnaire (1996), NEO-FFI Personality Traits, Job Self-Efficacy (Riggs & Knight, 1994) and Perceived Social Support Questionnaire (MSPSS) were used to collect data. The results showed that the highest factor load belongs to the indicator of individual consequences (β = 0.882) and the smallest factor load belongs to the indicator of individual beliefs (β = 0.675) job self-efficacy. Thus, considering that the factor loads of all indicators were higher than 0.32, it can be said that all of them have the necessary power to measure the latent variables of the present study. The results showed that according to the obtained results, perceived social support can play a mediating role between emotional divorce, attachment styles, personality traits and job self-efficacy in married working women.