Journal of Counseling Research

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Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the parent-adolescent perception about the flexibility of family boundaries based on development.

Method: this research was done by qualitative research method and phenomenological approach. By convenience sampling, 10 girl adolescents aged from 15 to 18 and their mothers aged 37 to 55 were selected and their perceptions of family boundaries were studied by deep semi-structured interviews. Then the data were classified and coded and the results were expressed by validity report method.

Findings: the analysis of participants’ experiences leaded to three main themes which include flexibility, lack of flexibility and exorbitant flexibility of family boundaries from parents and their adolescents’ point of view. Also from each of the three themes above, 14, 5 and 1 sub-themes in parents and 3, 5 and 6 sub-themes in adolescents were gained.

Conclusion: the results showed that according to the in transition context of the society of Iran, none of the two conditions of lack of flexibility and exorbitant flexibility can meet the adolescents’ needs and protect the basic security of family. Hence it seems essential for the officials of mental health, to make parents aware of how to balance the boundaries inside the family. Also conducting negotiations on family rules and the compliance of parents on the boundaries were the preventing factors of problems in families with flexible boundaries, that ignoring them in families with strict or permissive boundaries causes dissatisfaction in adolescents and makes the basic security of family at risk.

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Aim: The aim of this research was to investigate the factor structure, validity and reliability of the Protean Career Attitudes Scale of employees. Methods: This research was a descriptive research which investigated the psychometrics of the scale. The statistical population included the employees of Isfahan's engineer companies. The samples were 200 employees (including 78 females and 122 males) who were selected by cluster sampling method. Protean Career Attitudes Scale and Proactive Personality Scale were used. Findings: Data were analyzed by using factor analysis, correlation and multivariate analysis of variance. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the factor-second order confirmatory factor model and two factors-first order confirmatory factor model were confirmed and were fit with data. Finally, two factors-first order confirmatory factor model a better fit. In the one factor model, protean career attitudes were the latent construct and in two factors model self-directed career management and values-driven were latent constructs. The correlation of Self-directed career management subscale and values-driven subscale with proactive personality scale was 0.66 and 0.53 (p<0/01). Internal consistency of self-directed career management subscale was 0.72 and values-driven subscale was 0.70. Test-retest reliability in three weeks in self-directed career management subscale and values-driven subscale were 0.89 and 0.90 (p<0.01). Moreover, the results of multivariate analysis of variance showed that men in both self-directed career management subscale and values-driven subscale had higher scores than women. Conclusions: Overall, diverse career path perspectives scale may be used as a reliable tool to assess the perspectives toward different career paths.
 

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The purpose of the present study was to qualitatively study the factors on marital satisfaction from the viewpoint of divorced women before and after marriage. Methods: A qualitative study design based on grounded theory was used. Among the women who referred to the family court of Meybod city and were separated from their husbands, 12 women were selected to participate in the study. The sample size was selected based on theoretical saturation and data was obtained using a semi-structured deep interview. Findings: Results show divorced women before their marriage, either had specific and postmodern viewpoint toward marital satisfaction, or had idealistic and superficial viewpoint about marital life considering a minimal number of problems. After divorce, they believed in concrete and specific criteria for achieving marital satisfaction. The factors affecting marital satisfaction from the viewpoints of the participants before their marriage were classified in concepts such as idealism, superficial, attitudinal understanding, non-specific attitude; after divorce these factors were classified in concepts such as behavior and emotion control, personal and family fitness, rational-intellectualism, management of relationships, and accountability. However, before marriage, divorced women believed in logical criteria, which were retained after divorce. Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be concluded that change in postmodern, unrealistic, and idealistic ideas about marital satisfaction and the tendency to accept the realities of marital relationship can play an effective role in preventing divorce.