Journal of Counseling Research

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The purpose of this present study is the effectiveness of acceptance/commitment training on psychological well-being, emotional and marital satisfaction .The method of this experimental study is pretest-posttest with the control group. Population was the all of the applicants (male or female) as the ones who referred to the city branches Court from April 2014 to September 2014 in Ardabil in order to divorce. 40 patients (20 patients per group) were selected by the available method and they were replaced randomly in both experimental and control group. Data were collected by emotional well-being scale, psychological well-being scale and Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaires. For analyzing the data, we used multivariate ANCOVA (MANCOVA). The results of this study showed that acceptance/commitment training on psychological, emotional well-being and marital satisfaction is effective .In general, individual goes towards the awareness of feelings, inner experiences and accepting them and the suitable using of them by acceptance/commitment training instead of ignoring emotions and individual experiences. This study can create subjective (psychological) emotional well-being and consequently it causes to increase marital satisfaction.

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Yarahmadi, Y - Yoosefi, N This research was aimed to study the effectiveness of family therapy based on Bowen’s emotional system therapy and logo therapy in improvement of suicide tendency among counseling-seeking clients of Islamic Azad University, in Iranian city of Sanandaj. This was an experimental study, with pretest and post-test, with control group. Sixty students out of all referring clients were selected through random sampling method. Applying Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation Scale (1979) & diagnostic interview based on DSM- IV- R, suicide tendency of students was assessed. These 60 subjects were randomly assigned in equal numbers into three groups (20 subjects in each group – Bowen, logotherapy, control). The results showed relatively equal amount of effect by Bowen’s emotional system therapy and logo therapy, in improvement of suicide tendency of participating students. Due to the mentioned findings, it can be recommended that counselors and psychotherapists use either approach in helping young people who may be suffering from suicidal ideations or tendencies.

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Aim: This research has been made in order to study the ways of effects of personality traits, communicative features and cultural contexts on emotional belonging in couples.  

Method: The research methodology was correlational and the statistical population included all couples living in Tehran, Iran, in 2015. From this population, 954 persons (451females and 503 males) were randomly selected via multi-stage cluster sampling from 5 areas of Tehran municipality. Measurement material included the successful marriage inventory. Data analysis was done using AMOS software and path analysis was employed.

Result: Analyzing data indicated that personality traits and the cultural contexts have both direct and indirect (by effect on communicative features) significant effect (p<0/05) on emotional belonging. Also communicative features have significant (p<0/01) direct effect on emotional belonging. 

Conclusion: Findings of this research indicated that emotional belonging in couples has been affected by various factors. These results may be useful for marriage counseling and opening new ways in solving marital problems.

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Abstract

Background: marital quality of life as an index of marriage success is among the important factors related to marital stability. Quality is a dynamic and interactive process among couples which is influenced by each couple's appraisal of their relationships and it includes both individual and interpersonal factors. Current research aimed to investigate the role of irrational beliefs and emotion regulation skills in predicting the marital quality of life. Methods: in this cross-sectional, correlational study the population consisted of the married, female teachers in Sabzevar which were working as teachers in 2015. The sample included 303 of these female teachers which were selected using single stage random cluster sampling method. Instruments included Persian translations of the revised dyadic adjustment scale (RDAS) and the emotion regulation skills questionnaire (ERSQ), the Persian 4-factor irrational beliefs test-Ahvaz (4IBT-A) was also completed by the participants. Descriptive statistics, Pearson product moment correlation, and stepwise regression were used as data analysis methods. Results: irrational beliefs and emotion regulation skills significantly predicted the marital quality of life. Irrational beliefs variable with a beta coefficient of -.36 was the strongest predictor of marital quality of life. Conclusion: Irrational beliefs negatively and emotion regulation skills positively predict the marital quality of life.  

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Purpose: This research was conducted to examine the efficacy of the integrative couple therapy and emotionally focused on increasing marital intimacy injured by wife infidelity (male).

Method: The research method was Semi experimental (pre-test, post-test, and follow-up) using two experimental groups and one control group. The study population included all couples involved with the issue of marital infidelity (male) referred to one of three regional counseling centers in Isfahan in 1394. To investigate research assumptions, 24 couples were selected through available sampling, and placed randomly in the Integrative Couple Therapy (8 couples), Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy (8 couples) and control group (8couples). For data collection, Marital Intimacy Questionnaire by Olia, Fatehizadeh and Bahrami (2006) was applied. Two experimental groups participated in 8 session's couple therapy, the control groups was not exposed to any intervention. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance with repeated measures.

Results: The results showed that between couples of each experimental groups and control group in marital intimacy and its dimensions (emotional, intellectual, physical, social- recreation, contact, spiritual, psychological, sexual, general) there are significant differences (P≤0/05). The results also showed that two approaches, both on the post-test and on the follow up test, are almost identical in increasing general marital intimacy (P<0/05). While, emotionally focused couple therapy, both on the post-test and on the follow up test, is more effective than integrative couple therapy on increasing  marital intimacy in dimensions of emotional, intellectual, contact, spiritual and  sexual.

Conclusion: The results indicated that integrative couple therapy and emotionally focused couple therapy can reduce communication problems caused by betrayed wife. 

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Background: Emotional divorce is considered as the most important factor in the rupture of the most fundamental structure of society, namely the family. This study aimed to investigate the role of cognitive avoidance components and metacognitive belief in the prediction of Spouses emotional divorce. Methods: The study statistical population consisted of all Spouses in Ardabil city in 2015. 120 people (60 married Spouses) were selected as the statistical sample using the convenience sampling. Data were collected through cognitive avoidance scale (Dugas & Sextons, 2004), MCQ-30 metacognitive belief scale (wells & Cartwright-Hatton, 2004), and Gutman's emotional divorce scale (2008). Research data were analyzed by Independent t test, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression methods. Findings: The study results showed there is not meaningful difference among emotional divorce of men and women (p<0.05). Also, that a significant positive relationship exists between cognitive avoidance components and Spouses emotional divorce (p<0.05). In addition, a significant negative relationship existed between metacognitive belief and Spouses emotional divorce (p<0.05). Beta coefficients for predictor variables indicated that thoughts repression (15%), thoughts succession (13%), distractions (16%), changing image to thought (40%), and metacognitive belief (-14%) have significantly predictive capability of Spouses emotional divorce (p<0.05). Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded that cognitive avoidance components and metacognitive belief are considered as the variables related to Spouses emotional divorce and have predictive capability of it.

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 Objectives: The purpose of this study was to predict the marital burnout on emotional expressivness and marital attributions in married people referring to the welfare organization in Ardabil. Method: Statistical population comprised of all married people referring to the welfare organization in Ardabil in 1394, from this population, 150 married people were selected using convenience sampling method. The used tools were Marital Burnout Questionnaire, Emotional expressivness Questionnaire and marital attributions Questionnaire. Data analysis was performed through Pearson’s correlation coefficient and regression analysis. Results: The findings showed a positive significant correlation between marital of attributions and Expressiveness negative with marital burnout and significant negative correlation between Positive expressiveness and Express intimacy with marital burnout. The results of regression analysis also revealed that 63% of the total variance of marital burnout can be explained by marital attributions and 71% by Emotional expressivness. Conclusion: Therefore, considering the importance of marital burnout of married people and role of Emotional expressivness and marital attributions to predict it, paying attention to informing people about the attributions of communication and emotional expressiveness is necessary.

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Purpose: The present study was done with an aim to analyze the perceptions and lived experience of couples about the causes of emotional separation. Methods: The present study was of qualitative type, and followed a phenomenological approach. The data, which have been gathered through conducting twenty in-depth and semi-structured interviews with male and female who were either currently or formerly married in two cities of Qom and Tehran, have been analyzed using the theoretical coding.. Based on their married life experience, the individuals in this study described and stated the causes of the development and aggravation of their emotional separation, as well as the ways to prevent and improve such separations. Results: The in-depth analysis of the lived experiences of the interviewees led into the identification of ten minor causes and eventually into the categorization of these minor causes into four larger categories. According to the findings, the major causes of the phenomenon of  divorce are categorized into: the psychological and moral challenges, the emotional and sexual challenges, the financial challenges, and challenges related to the information technology. Conclusion: The Results of this research indicate the diversity and the multiplicity of the underlying causes of emotional separation, and suggest that such a phenomenon is affected by a variety of intertwining causes. Furthermore, these results put emphasis on the necessity for the improvement of the individual skills, such as emotional intelligence (EI), effective communication, and problem-solving as the ultimate remedies to this situation.

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Background: The aim of this study was to present and evaluate the effectiveness of an integrated model of emotionally focused approach and Gottman model on feeling of loneliness in married women. Methods: For this study, quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test, follow up and control group was used. The study population included married women who referred to Tehransar health center. The sample consisted of 26 volunteer participants, which were selected using convenience sampling method, in two groups, including experimental (n = 13) and control (n = 13) groups. All participants were asked to complete the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA-S). Results: Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) results showed that the integrated model of emotionally focused approach and Gottman model significantly decrease feeling of loneliness and its subscales (romantic loneliness, family loneliness, social loneliness). Additionally, using repeated measures in follow-up conducted one month later showed satisfactory results about the effectiveness of the integrated model in the experimental group. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the specifically designed integrated model of emotionally focused approach and Gottman model can be used to decrease feeling of loneliness in married women.

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Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of emotion-focused counseling model based on Islamic teachings on the level of intimacy in incompatible couples. Methods: In the first stage, the research methodology was used in a qualitative way to extract the Islamic themes about emotion regulation and assess its content validity through a survey of experts in the field. For the second stage, the experimental research method  was conducted in the framework of a pseudo-experimental design, utilizing a pre-test and post-test type, with a control group. The statistical population was selected from among 30 volunteers who had been selected from all married clients experiencing marital conflicts and referring to Yara counseling center in city of Saveh in the second half of the year 2017. They were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The toolds for gathering information included Thompson & Walker's Intimacy Scale (1983) and the Bagarozzi Marital Intimacy Needs (MINQ) Questionnaire. The program was run for 10 sessions of 90-minute group counseling for the experimental group, and the control group did not receive any training. Multivariate covariance analysis was used for data analysis. Findings: The research results indicated that the designed model had an appropriate validity (CVR =0.7125) and significantly increased the marital intimacy and its dimensions: emotional intimacy, psychological, intellectual, spiritual, aesthetic, and social-recreational, but it has no significant effect on the two dimensions, sexual and physical. Conclusions: It can be concluded that an emotion-focused counseling based on Islamic teachings model can help inconsistent couples gain more emotional control and more intimacy as an effective way.

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Abstract:

Objective: This study examined the couple took power in the relationship. Although Islam has entrusted the overall management of life to men, and its purpose is to enter about religious and customary in this field, but the chaff power takes a couple abnormal and pathological. How about that power couples to occur? And community and social gender learning how to influence couples? And a variety of power will be analyzed in relation to the test, whether the power couples in marital therapy is only a question of social justice, moral or physical therapy is an important issue? Are changes in marital satisfaction and mental health in couples therapy can cause? Methods: In this study is content analysis, and library. Results: In this regard, the new texts were a couple of power in the relationship. The strength of the relationship is a reflection of how the needs, interests and goals of a person over another. Relationship therapy approach social - emotional new approach in marital therapy work with couples and create a relationship of power in relation to the acts, will be introduced .Conclusion: When the power balance is distributed, each of the couples will be able to with your spouse become involved in issues that are important to them, And both feel they have the same right to express ideas, needs and feelings of their own, and thus marital satisfaction and family security will be established.

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Aim: The present study was conducted to compare the academic engagement, emotional creativity and academic self-efficacy in gifted male and female students. Methods: This study was a comparative cross-sectional study. The research population included all gifted students of first, second and third grade high school students in Ardabil in 1394-93 Persian school year, from which 60 female and 60 male gifted students were selected randomly in multiple phases. For data collection, Academic Engagement Questionnaire (Schaufeli et al, 2002), Emotional Creativity Inventory (ECI-Averill, 1999), and Academic Self-efficacy Questionnaire (Mac Elroy & Banting, 2002) was used. Data was analyzed using SPSS-20 software with descriptive statistical methods (mean and standard deviation), and inferential statistical methods. Findings: The results show that the gifted female students excel in academic engagement and components of absorbing and devoting themselves, whereas the gifted male student excel in emotional creativity and components of innovation, readiness and effectiveness - originality. Between the two groups, there was no significant difference in the academic self-efficacy. Conclusion: According to the results, it is essential that stakeholders of education use educational policies and teaching practices, and keep gender and individual differences of student in mind.
 

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Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of career adaptability in relationship between emotional intelligence and career decision making difficulties among 9th grade students. Methods: This was a correlational research that using structural equation modeling. The statistical population consisted of 9th grade students of Qazvin province in the academic year 2016-17. The sample consisted of 433 students (206 boys and 227 girls) selected by multi-stage random cluster sampling. Measures included Career Adaptability Scale, Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory, and Decision Making Difficulties Questionnaire. The data were calculated using Pearson correlation coefficients (using SPSS-24), and structural equation modeling. The statistical significance of indirect effects also was calculated by bootstrapping method (using AMOS24). Findings: The results of this study showed that most of the overall -0.67 for the emotional intelligence on decision-making difficulties was indirectly due to the mediation of career adaptability (β = -0.41, p <0.001), while a part of it was more directly (β = -0.26, p <0.001). The conceptual model also showed a significant fit with the data (SRMR = 0.03; RMSEA = 0.06). The results of the comparison of total fit and path coefficients among girls and boys also showed that the research model is same for both groups (p <0.11). Conclusion: In line with the career adaption model, the results of this study showed that a major part of the effects of social and emotional meta-capacities on the reduction of the incompatibility of career adaptive responses can be explained by the mobilization of psychosocial resources in the management of career related tasks, transitions and crises.

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Aim: Television and news programs are full of scenes that remind us that life will no doubt end. The purpose of this study was to investigate the representation of death news and its exciting symbols in virtual news channels. Methods: The research method was qualitative and thematic analysis was used. The population of the study included virtual news channel contents and the sample were four high-profile news channels in which the news of death during the period of May-August 2019 was reviewed. Month and channel selection were random and sampling continued until data saturation. Findings: Based on the analysis of news themes, the representation of death news was categorized in ten themes: physical and disease complications, unintentional accidents, brain death, alcohol and drug abuse, suicide, mass killing, murder, retribution, negligence leading to death, and death and killing of animals, as well as representations of attention-grabbing practices and increased excitement were categorized into five themes of stimulating imagination (sensitive location and time of occurrence, symbol of fear and apprehension and conflict), imaginative symbols (sympathetic and associative, unfinished affair and ambiguity), quantitative symbols (statistical increase and volume of news coverage, symbols of importance (reporter’ responsibility and fame), and references to taboos (rape leading to death). Conclusion: The difference between the representations of mortality factors in research and news differs in presenting prevention methods in research. Meanwhile, in the news of death, awareness and the provision of useful preventive strategies have been nearly zero. This causes continuous rumors of negative events that increase emotions of sadness, fear and anger and cause people to feel insecure.

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Aim: In each period of life, a person has special relationships with others, and these relationships can enhance one's personal and social health or bring psychological harm. Adaptability, which is one of the most important signs of mental health in teenagers, can lead to psychological maladjustment under mental stress. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between frustration tolerance and approval motivation with emotional adjustment of female students. Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included all third-grade high school students in 6^th district of Tehran studying during the academic year 1397-98. The research sample consisted of 200 female students who were selected via cluster random sampling method. The tools used in this study were Harrington's Frustration Tolerance Questionnaire (2005), Trinity Patients Approval Motivation (1991), and Sinn and Singh's (1993) Students' Emotional Adjustment Scale. Findings: Pearson correlation and multicollinearity regression methods were used to analyze the data. Findings showed that there was a significant relationship between frustration tolerance, and approval motivation with emotional adjustment. Also, the variables of frustration tolerance and approval motivation could predict emotional adjustment. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, reinforcement of the approval motivation and frustration tolerance can be effective in education of the  students with high emotional adaptability.

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Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between personality traits, emotional maturity, and meta-cognitive beliefs with the tendency toward emotional divorce in couples in city of Zanjan. Methods: This was a correlational research and the statistical population of the study consisted of married students who were studying at Zanjan University in the academic year of 2016-17. In this study, 150 married students were selected using available sampling method. Data were collected through McCrae and Costa Personality Questionnaire (1990), Singh and Bahargawa Emotional Maturity Questionnaire (1974), Wells Metacognitive Beliefs Questinnaire  (2000), Gottman’s Emotional Divorce Questionnaire (2008). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression. Results: Findings showed a negative significant relationship between personality characteristics of conscientiousness and acceptability with  tendency to emotional divorce. A positive significant relationship was observed between personality characteristic of neuroticism and tendency toward emotional divorce (P <0.01). Moreover, the findings also showed a positive and significant positive correlation between emotional maturity and tendency for emotional divorce, and positive relationship between positive beliefs and tendency toward emotional divorce (P<0.01). Overall, acceptance and conscientiousness show a negative, while neuroticism and emotional maturity show a positive and significant tendency prediction towards emotional divorce. Conclusion: According to personality traits, emotional maturity and metacognitive belief variables related to emotional divorce, can be identified and used in psychological and counseling interventions for couples.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of adolescent-reasoned mindfulness (MBCT) and emotionally focused therapy (EFT) on self-esteem and sleep Disorder of bereaved adolescents. Methods: The study had a quasi-experimental design, with a post-test, pretest design, control group, and follow- up phase. The statistical population of bereaved adolescents referred to the counseling clinics department of education in city of Shiraz during the year 2017-2018. From among this population, 48 were selected through available sampling and were randomly divided into two experimental groups, adolescent-centered mindfulness and, emotionally focused therapy, in addition to a control group. One experimental group received adolescent-centered mindfulness for 10 one-hour long sessions, while the second experimental group received emotionally-focused therapy for 8 one-hour long sessions. The subjects were evaluated with Self-Esteem Questionnaire (SEI , 1989) and Sleep Disorder Questionnaire (PSQI, 1967) before the initiation of treatment. Fourty-five days following the conclusion of group training, a follow-up was performed. The control group had no group education. Data were analyzed using repeated measures. Results: Results showed that the use of adolescent-centered mindfulness and emotionally-focused therapy is effective on self-esteem and sleep disorder of bereaved adolescents (p<0/05). The effect of adolescent-centered mindfulness were greater than emotionally-focused therapy and the changes were stable through the time. Conclusions: According to this study, it can be concluded that both adolescent-centered mindfulness training and emotionally-focused interventios are effective for self-esteem and sleeping problems in adolescents, and that adolescent-centered mindfulness was more effective in increasing self-esteem and reducing sleeping proglems.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on cognitive components (fusion, avoidance and cognitive flexibility) and oxidative stress in women with type-2 diabetes. Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test/post-test design and control group on 60 female patients with type-2 diabetes referred to public health centers in Birjand (Iran) during 2016. Participants in the two experimental groups (40 subjects) and one control group (20 subjects) were recruited through convenient sampling and the tests administered randomly. Data collection tools included Gilander et al. (2014) Cognitive Integration Questionnaire, Sexton and Ducas (2008) Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire, and Dennis and Vanderwall (2010) Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire. Also, the experimental group was presented with Fendaic (2017) Dialectical Behavior Therapy protocol, Ghahari Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (2016) and cognitive therapy based on Seagal, Williams & Tizdell (2002) mindfulness, which was not presented to the control group. Data analysis was performed using univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance. Findings: The results showed that dialectical behavior therapy, in comparison with mindfulness-based cognition therapy on reducing cognitive components, and oxidative stress and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on thought-suppression and emotional components in patients with diabetes is effective (P <0.05). Conclusion: According to the findings, dialectical behavior therapy can be used as a complementary therapy to improve the emotional and cognitive components of diabetic patients compared to mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.

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Aim:The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of psychological inflexibility and emotion dysregulation in predicting intensity of anger in competitive athletes. Methods: This was a descriptive and correlational research. The statistical population of this study consisted of all competitive athletes (all athletes who participated in any level of competitive sport, either individual or collective) in city of Ardebil in 2019. From a total of participants, 312 were selected through cluster sampling to be included in the study. To collect data, the Clinical Anger Scale (Snell et al , 1995), Comprehensive assessment of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (Comp ACT) Scale (Francis et al, 2016) and Emotion Dysregulation Scale (Gratz, & Roemer, 2004) were used. Data analysis was done through Pearson correlation and Multiple Linear regression formula. Results: The results of multiple regression analysis also showed that 38% of variance of intensity of anger is explained by components of psychological inflexibility and emotion dysregulation variables. There was also a significant positive relationship between psychological inflexibility and emotion dysregulation with intensity of anger (P<0/05). Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can probably be said that athletes who are not capable of emotion regulation and are not capable of flexible behaviors in competitive situations, experience more anger.

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Aim: The purpose of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of emotional-focused couple therapy and imago relationship (Imago) Therapy on the marital conflicts of couples referring to counseling centers in Tehran city. Methods: Research method was a quasi–experimental with pre and post-test and o control group. The statistical population consisted of couples who had are to ten years of marriage experience and had at least one child. The sample included 30 couples who were selected by chance among couples volunteered to participate in this study and 10 couples randomly assigned to experimental and control groups, while each couple was considered as one unit for analysis. Sanaie and others (2008) revised marital conflicts (MCQR) questionnaire which has 54 items and assess decreased cooperation and sexual relationship, increased emotional reactions, increased children support, increased relationship with their own relatives, decreased relationship with spouse relatives and friends, separation of financial affairs, and decreased effective communication used to assess marital conflicts of couples. Data analysis was done by covariance analysis method. Findings: Emotional - focused couple therapy and Imago therapy decreased couples marital conflicts, but there was no meaningful difference in their effectiveness on couples marital conflicts. Conclusion: Both emotional–focused therapy and Imago therapy are effective in reducing couples marital conflicts and can be used to help couples with marital conflicts