Journal of Counseling Research

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The Purpose of this research was to investigate parental monitoring role and affiliation with deviant peers in high risk behavior. The design of the current study involves correlation using structural equation modeling. The population of the current study involve all male and female adolescent in Tehran high school from which 1241 were selected through cluster sampling. To collect the data, different scales such as Iran’s adolescent risk-taking scales, parental monitoring scales and affiliation with delinquent peers were used. The data were analyzed using correlation statistical indices, independent T and structural equation modeling through SPSS and LISRER. The obtained results showed that there was a significant difference between girls and boys in high risk behavior, parental monitoring and affiliation with delinquent peers. Moreover, parental monitoring through affiliation with delinquent peers had a significant effect on high risk behavior. The mediating model can explain 0.55 high risk behavior variance. It's highly influential to pay attention to the parental monitoring role in decreasing affiliation with delinquent peers as well as decreasing the high risk behavior by adolescents. .

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The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of Collaborative Language Systems Therapy on Self- efficacy in Students .Method of research was quasi-experimental with pretest - posttest and control group design. The statistical population involved all referred couples to university counseling centers in Tehran. The sample of study consisted of 28 subjects(14 couples)that were randomly selected and allocated into experimental and control groupe.The experimental group participated in 8 sessions of collaborative Language Therapy. The measurement instrument was Coping self–Efficacy Scale (CSE) and Demographic Data Questionnaire. The results were analyzed with covariate using SPSS software. The result indicated that Collaborative Language Systems (CLST) Therapy, increased self-efficacy and enhanced subscales of Self-efficacy.

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The aim of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of logo therapy on life satisfaction and academic performance in high school female students in MasjedSoleiman city. The research method was semi experimental with per-posttest, follow-up and control group. The sample consisted of 40 subjects who were matched from age, educational status, gender, having one standard deviation below the mean in life satisfaction scale (MSLSS). Then randomly divided into two group as experimental and control. The instruments were(MSLSS) and academic performance. The data were analysed with (MANCOVA). The results indicated that there was a significant difference between experimental and control group (P< 0.0001). These results significantly persisted after follow up period. .

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Children and Adolescents Depression Scale (CADS) is a self-report scale designed for diagnosis and assessment of the level and intensity of MDD in children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to assess the psychometric and factorial structure of CADS as well as major depressive disorder (MDD) status among adolescent girls (14-19 years). 417 female adolescent students from different areas of Tehran completed the scale. Scale reliability was assessed through internal reliability (Cronbach’s alpha and half-splitting), inter-item correlation and test-retest methods and all revealed a desirable level of reliability of CADS. Factor analysis was done via two major methods: Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). EFA via Principal Components Factor Analysis, Parallel Analysis and Minimum Average Partial (MAP) Test showed a one-factor model in the CADS, which assesses depression. Afterwards, CFA supported a one-factor model of depression. Analyses of the CADS results indicated that 32.9% of the subjects were with no signs of depression, while 67.1% of them have depressive signs and symptoms to severe MDD. According to these findings, it seems that CADS could be used as a preferable scale to assess and screen depressive signs as well as depressive disorders both in research and in clinical settings. In addition, regarding the high rate of incidence of depressive signs and symptoms among female adolescent students, the necessity of systematic cognitive-behavioral interventions is obvious.

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Farajnia, S - Dr Hoseinian, S - Dr Shihidi, SH - Dr Sadeghi, M The goal of present study was to examine the role of sexual function and quality of relationship on marital commitment. The sample included 115 couples. The research instruments were Quality of Marital Relationship Questionnaire, Marital Commitment Questionnaire and Marital Sexual Function Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by correlation coefficient and step by step multiple regression method. Results showed significant relationships between sexual function, quality of relationship and marital commitment. According to the results, sexual function and quality of relationship predicted marital commitment and quality of relationship was a stronger predictor of marital commitment. Through Components of Sexual Function and Quality of Relationships, the only Sexual Realization and Communication Styles have predicted the roles for the Marital Commitment. The Significant relationships were found between wives 'commitment with their sexual function, their husbands 'commitment and sexual function, and husbands 'commitment with their wives 'commitment and their sexual function.

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This study has been done to the effectiveness of couple therapy with Satir's approach on improving couple functions and decreasing marital burnout. The method of this study was quasi experimental (groups pretest-post test). Samples were 20 couples (10 couples in first experiment group and 10 couples in control group) which referred to Sanandaj counseling centers. They were assigned randomly to control and experiment groups. Then 8 Satir's approach sessions have been performed. Each group's dependent variables were assessed in pre test and post tests. Instruments were Family Assessment Devise (FAD) and Couple Burnout Measure (CBM). Aalysis data was done through ANCOVA. The results showed that couple therapy with Satir's approach improved the couple's functions in experiment groups. Moreover couple therapies with Satir's approach have decreased marital burnout in comparison with control group.

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Background: Emotional divorce is considered as the most important factor in the rupture of the most fundamental structure of society, namely the family. This study aimed to investigate the role of cognitive avoidance components and metacognitive belief in the prediction of Spouses emotional divorce. Methods: The study statistical population consisted of all Spouses in Ardabil city in 2015. 120 people (60 married Spouses) were selected as the statistical sample using the convenience sampling. Data were collected through cognitive avoidance scale (Dugas & Sextons, 2004), MCQ-30 metacognitive belief scale (wells & Cartwright-Hatton, 2004), and Gutman's emotional divorce scale (2008). Research data were analyzed by Independent t test, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression methods. Findings: The study results showed there is not meaningful difference among emotional divorce of men and women (p<0.05). Also, that a significant positive relationship exists between cognitive avoidance components and Spouses emotional divorce (p<0.05). In addition, a significant negative relationship existed between metacognitive belief and Spouses emotional divorce (p<0.05). Beta coefficients for predictor variables indicated that thoughts repression (15%), thoughts succession (13%), distractions (16%), changing image to thought (40%), and metacognitive belief (-14%) have significantly predictive capability of Spouses emotional divorce (p<0.05). Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded that cognitive avoidance components and metacognitive belief are considered as the variables related to Spouses emotional divorce and have predictive capability of it.

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Abstract

Many families face with divorce as a serious damage in recent years. Family disintegration phenomenon affected couples, children, families and the community. Many studies have focused on different aspects of this phenomenon and have examined different layers of the damage. This study, which was conducted  by meta-analysis method is focused on studies on divorce in 1384 to 1394 . In this meta-analysis, theses and research papers are population. Using  Noormags, Iran Doc and  SID ,Gathering of resource is conducted.  A total of 70 articles and 38theses, 11 articles   were appropriate.

The results of this research indicate that  social and cultural factors associated with divorce issues is of utmost importance .Among the factors , quality  weakness  of social relations and social participation a play the most important role in the instability of marriage.

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Purpose: Sacrifice is regarded an important component in improving the quality of enduring marital relationship. The purpose of this study was to study the lived experience of sacrifice in marital relationship and identify the final structure of the sacrifice phenomenon among the research participants.
 Method: In this descriptive phenomenological Psychological study a total of 10 participants were selected using purposive-voluntary sampling and conducting in-depth interview until data saturation was reached.
 Results: Data analysis led to a structure which included 12 constituents: 1- Having a sense of love for wife in marriage, 2- having a sense of humanity, conscience and personal development, 3- belief in religious, spiritual and sacrifice behaviors, 4- belief in the necessity of mutual sacrifice  behaviors, 5-perception of one-way and damaging sacrifice, 6- belief in correlates of sacrifice behavior such as forgiveness and tolerance of hardship, 7- need to be appreciated for sacrificing behavior, 8- perceiving sacrifice as unselfishness and devoting self for another, 9- having a long-term positive attitude and commitment toward marriage, 10- sacrificing because of factors other than spouse such as children, 11- modeling the family of origin, and 12- considering gender differences in sacrifice behaviors.
 Conclusion: The results of this study have implications for counseling centers and professionals in education and couple therapy as well as premarital counseling .With understanding the structure of sacrifice, as defined in the present study, will help couple avoid marital dissatisfaction and enhance marital quality and satisfaction.
 

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The aim of this study was to predict the feeling of loneliness and tendency to divorce based on attachment styles according to the role of mediation self-differentiation. This study is of descriptive method and the design is correlational based on path analysis. The study population included all divorce-seeking couples referring to branches 6, 7 and 8 and enforcement branch of family court in Shahre rey, Tehran in 2016. Using available sampling method, 200 subjects were selected. The data were collected using four questionnaires: The UCLA Loneliness Scale (Russell, 1996) Differentiation of Self Inventory (Skowron & Smith, 2003), Divorce Tendency Scale (Rusbult, 1986), and Adult Attachment Scale (Colins & Read, 1990). The results of the analysis were analyzed using structural equation analysis. Results: The results showed that there is a significant relationship between attachment styles with loneliness and tendency to divorce. There is also a significant relationship between self-differentiation with loneliness and tendency to divorce. Finally, attachment styles through self-differentiation can predict loneliness and tendency to divorce. Discussion and Conclusion: The research data with the proposed model has a perfect fit, so self-differentiation plays a significant mediator role in the relationship between attachment styles with loneliness and tendency to divorce.
 

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Aim: Child abuse is one of the problems facing humanity. Families must be trained to distinguish the differences between parenting attitudes with harmful attitudes about children. This study aimed to investigate the comparison and recognition of parents with and without a college education about a variety of child abuse. Methods: This was a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews and the research population included 28 people (parents) with and without college education which were selected through purposive sampling. Results: parental knowledge about the type of child abuse (physical, emotional, sexual, and neglect) were examined in two different tables and in two groups with and without a college education and also knowledge and awareness of the risk factors and the consequences of child abuse provided in separate tables by considering college education and concepts and the main expressions is classified using open axial and selective coding. Findings: Based on conducted interviews, the recognition of physical abuse in both groups with and without a college education is equally high, but with the exception that the parental knowledge about the scope of types of child abuse is more in the group with college education  than the other group. In this study, parents without a college education in their parenting methods relied considerably  on physical abuse. Also knowledge of emotional abuse is high in parents with a college education, but there is awareness of emotional neglect among parents with a university education due to their education and employment. There is knowledge about sexual harassment in both groups with the exception that the information and awareness of sexual harassment among parents with a college education is much higher. Another significant point in this research was emotional neglect, due to preoccupation of parents with the virtual world in today's age. Conclusions: It may be concluded that the factor of education can be effective in recognition of types of child abuse. One interesting point was that most college-educated parents used third-person in their sentences, such that it appeared these parents did not use abusive behaviors in their parenting, but are aware of what constitutes abusive behavior for other parents, or they intelligently resisted self-disclosing. On the other hand, majority of parents without college education seemed to use sentences that pointed to their own behaviors and reactions in relation to their children, showing less resistance, talking more about their objective and personal experiences.
 

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Aim: The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the coping strategies and levels of psychological adjustment in depressed and non-depressed women experiencing intrauterine fetal death (IUFD). Methods: This was a causal-comparative study. The research population includes all the depressed and non-depressed women experiencing intra-uterine fetal death who had active case file in specialized infertility clinics of district 5 of Tehran in 2017. Thirty depressed women experiencing intra-uterine fetal death and 30 non-depressed women experiencing intra-uterine fetal death (total 60 subjects) were selected through available sampling. For gathering the data, coping inventory for stressful situations (CISS), Veit and Ware’s mental health inventory, and Beck’s depression inventory were used. The data were analysed by statistical methods of multivariate analysis of variance. Findings: Results suggested that there is a significant difference in problem-focused coping strategies and emotionally-focused coping strategies in depressed and non-depressed women (P<0.01), but no significant difference was observed in avoidance coping strategies among depressed and non-depressed women (P=0.79). Also, results indicated that psychological helplessness is significantly lower in non-depressed women compared to depressed women and non-depressed women enjoy higher psychological well-being (P<0.001). Conclusion: The present study showed that coping strategies and psychological adjustment are variables that can affect the depression of women experiencing intrauterine fetal death. Therefore, these variables should be considered in order to treat the depression of these individuals.

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Aim:The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of psychological inflexibility and emotion dysregulation in predicting intensity of anger in competitive athletes. Methods: This was a descriptive and correlational research. The statistical population of this study consisted of all competitive athletes (all athletes who participated in any level of competitive sport, either individual or collective) in city of Ardebil in 2019. From a total of participants, 312 were selected through cluster sampling to be included in the study. To collect data, the Clinical Anger Scale (Snell et al , 1995), Comprehensive assessment of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (Comp ACT) Scale (Francis et al, 2016) and Emotion Dysregulation Scale (Gratz, & Roemer, 2004) were used. Data analysis was done through Pearson correlation and Multiple Linear regression formula. Results: The results of multiple regression analysis also showed that 38% of variance of intensity of anger is explained by components of psychological inflexibility and emotion dysregulation variables. There was also a significant positive relationship between psychological inflexibility and emotion dysregulation with intensity of anger (P<0/05). Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can probably be said that athletes who are not capable of emotion regulation and are not capable of flexible behaviors in competitive situations, experience more anger.

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Aim: One of the main features of the distinction between successful and effective managers is the networking skill. In fact, this skill plays an important role in promoting individuals in a hierarchy and the success of their career. Successful managers, with the benefit of networking skills and communication with powerful stakeholders outside the organization, progress well through the administrative hierarchy and even run ahead of the most effective managers who use best manners in running the organization. The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship of networking skill with the career-success with the mediating role of communication power. Methods: The statistical population of this study consisted of all directors and assistants of the central government ministries in the province with 400 people. Using Morgan's table, 196 individuals were randomly selected. For data collection, Wolf and Moser questionnaires (2008) were used  for assessing network skills, Gurkian and Gurkian (2011) was used for the career path success, and Saadda and Hashem (2017) was used for the communication power For data analysis, structural equation modeling and PLS software were used. Findings: The results of the research indicate that networking skills and communication with powerful organization’s stakeholders lead to promotion in the organization's hierarchy and their career path success. Conclusion: According to the research findings, it can be said that the networking skills of government managers and communication with powerful stakeholders of the organization promotes hierarchy and success in their careers. In fact, managers who have strong networking skills compared with their counterparts, have higher chances for  holding  higher positions in the organization.

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Aim: The purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on distress tolerance and feeling of guilt in mothers of children with physical-motor disability. Methods: The quasi-experimental research method included pre-test and post-test, with control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of all mothers of children with physical disability who had received education in special schools in city of Saqez during the Persian year of 1398. For this purpose, 24 mothers of physically disabled children were selected from the exceptional schools by convenient sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (12 in each group). The experimental group received 10 sessions of intervention and no training was given to the control group. The instruments used in this study were the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) and the Test of Self-Conscious Affect (TOSCA-2), which were completed in the pre-test and post-test phases. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis. Findings: The findings of this study indicated that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in pre-test and post-test in scores of distress tolerance and feeling of guilt. According to these findings, compassion-focused therapy is effective in decreasing feeling of guilt and increasing distress tolerance of mothers of children with physical disability. Conclusion: The results showed that self-compassion, through providing positive experiences, increasing adaptation to stressful situations, and expressing empathy and sympathy can increase distress tolerance in individuals and reduce the level of guilt of mothers with children with disabilities.