Journal of Counseling Research

---

This qualitative study was done for the purpose of comparing the couple relationships in the view of mothers of children with disability and mothers of normal children. For doing this qualitative study , 12 mothers with mentally retarded children in the daily rehabilitation center of Ahang and 12 mothers with normal children who referred to quarter houses of Nabi Akram and Chaharsad Dastgah , were chosen by convenience sampling method. General and open questions in the subject of co-parent communication were expressed through in-depth interview. The information gained from interviews analyzed and coded with content - analysis method and with the Strauss-Corbin model. The results have also shown that parents of normal children communicate better than parents of mentally retarded children. In terms of self-attention and having talking skills , paying attention to life partner and using healthy communicational patterns , parents of normal children are in a better situation , but there was no noticeable difference in the problem-solving methods in both families. Relationships among couples are one of the crucial basics of the family which play an important role in adapting family members with the suffering member. Thus , it needs more researches in the context of couple relationships in these families. furthermore , since mothers have closer relationship with the disabled child , they face more impairment both physically and emotionally. So they need more educational programs and incorporeal supports.

---

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of socioeconomic status on individual and combination effects, and resilience to academic performance. Methods: For this purpose, 600 students who were selected by two stage cluster sampling methodology completed the Martin and Marsh Resiliency Questionnaire (2006) and their parents answered the International Socioeconomic Status Questionnaire. TIMSS (Which is repeated every four years for the country's performance in science and mathematics education to determine the trend of educational change and even the rate of decline and increased performance of students in participating countries after these years). Parents were also identified in three groups with high socioeconomic status, moderate, and low levels of this variable. Findings: Multilevel structural Equation Model was used to study and analyze the data. The results showed that socioeconomic status had a significant direct effect on academic performance in both levels of the student and the family, and the effect of resilience on academic performance was significant. Conclusions: The model has a good fit and 22% of students' performance variance at the student level and 28% of the variance in the performance of students at the family level was explained.

---

Aim: The Paradoxical Therapy Model (PTC) is a new and comprehensive approach to the treatment of anxiety disorders. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of PTC on test anxiety and self-confidence among female high school students in Tehran. Methods: The study employed a single-subject ABA design. The statistical population included all 12th-grade female students in Tehran during the 2021–2022 academic year. A convenience sample was selected from students who had referred to the school counselor at Zahra Al-Athar High School (S.A.) with complaints of test anxiety and low self-confidence. These students scored within the inclusion criteria on the Friedman and Jacob Test Anxiety Scale (1997) and the Eysenck Self-Confidence Questionnaire (1979). Four students were selected via non-random convenience sampling. After a three-week baseline assessment, participants received three individual intervention sessions, each lasting 45 minutes. During the intervention phase (B), PTC techniques were implemented. Outcomes were evaluated using visual analysis (eyeball method) and effect size calculations across multiple measurement points. Findings: The results showed significant differences in self-confidence and test anxiety scores before and after the intervention in all four students, indicating that PTC had a positive effect in reducing test anxiety and enhancing self-confidence. Conclusion: School counselors may benefit from applying this approach to help students with anxiety disorders and low self-confidence.