Journal of Counseling Research

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Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the causes of marital infidelity in women. Method: The method of this research was qualitative. The 17 women who experienced marital infidelity and were willing to cooperate with the researcher were selected through targeted sampling. They were deeply studied using semi-structured interviews. The study used the Grounded Theory approach to explain and analyze the findings. Finding: Three major categories were found about the causes of female marital infidelity. The causes of marital infidelity Included the boredom of life after each other's discovery, the inherent weaknesses of marriage, vulnerability when sexual or emotional need blocked, and Society transformation, The conservator factors Included the desire to experience excitement, the disclaimer of self and the emphasis on spouse features, to earn much creativity in gaining time for a relationship and hiding it, gaining courage for discovering new features in yourself, And responding to infidelity Included desire for divorce, Restoration of marital life, endurance of stress. Conclusion: To prevent marital infidelity, family education and enrichment of premarital relationships, these categories should be considered.

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Aim: The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a life skills training program (self-awareness skills, coping with stress and empathy) based on Islamic culture in divorced women. Method: The method of qualitative research is narrative type and use of semi-structured interview. The statistical population includes all divorced women referring to counseling and psychological services centers of Kerman city and paired therapists, which 15 clients and 10 specialists were selected by available sampling method. Data were gathered using interviews and expert panel and data were analyzed using Lincoln and Guba method. Results: The results showed that life skills training program was codified in 3 main axes of self-awareness, empathy and coping with stress, 11 axes and 32 subject areas, and also, the content validity of this program is based on the Lavasha method and based on expert opinion with a content validity ratio (CVR) of 80% which is higher than the minimum acceptable level of 0.62 for this number of specialists. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the research, it can be said that life skills training program based on Islamic culture is an appropriate and effective program for empowering divorced women in life.
 

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Aim: Television and news programs are full of scenes that remind us that life will no doubt end. The purpose of this study was to investigate the representation of death news and its exciting symbols in virtual news channels. Methods: The research method was qualitative and thematic analysis was used. The population of the study included virtual news channel contents and the sample were four high-profile news channels in which the news of death during the period of May-August 2019 was reviewed. Month and channel selection were random and sampling continued until data saturation. Findings: Based on the analysis of news themes, the representation of death news was categorized in ten themes: physical and disease complications, unintentional accidents, brain death, alcohol and drug abuse, suicide, mass killing, murder, retribution, negligence leading to death, and death and killing of animals, as well as representations of attention-grabbing practices and increased excitement were categorized into five themes of stimulating imagination (sensitive location and time of occurrence, symbol of fear and apprehension and conflict), imaginative symbols (sympathetic and associative, unfinished affair and ambiguity), quantitative symbols (statistical increase and volume of news coverage, symbols of importance (reporter’ responsibility and fame), and references to taboos (rape leading to death). Conclusion: The difference between the representations of mortality factors in research and news differs in presenting prevention methods in research. Meanwhile, in the news of death, awareness and the provision of useful preventive strategies have been nearly zero. This causes continuous rumors of negative events that increase emotions of sadness, fear and anger and cause people to feel insecure.

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Aim: The purpose of this study was to develop a life skills training based on native Iranian culture and to determine its effectiveness on the happiness and resilience of divorced women. Methods: The research method used was qualitative-quantitative. The statistical population for this research included all divorced women between the ages of 30 and 40 who referred to counseling and psychological services centers of city of Kerman in the first half of 1395 (Persian calendar), among whom 30 were selected thrgouh available sampling method and were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (15 subjects each). To collect data, Conner and Davidson Resilience (2003) and Oxford Happiness (1989) Questionnaires were used. The training program was performed in 11 ninety-minute sessions  in the experimental group, and the control group was placed in the waiting list. The results were analyzed using covariance analysis. Results: The findings showed that the content validity ratio (CVR) was calculated based on the Lavoshe method for 10 experts (0/83), and the content validity index (CVI) based on the Waltz and Bassel methods for this number was 0/80, and based on comparing these values with the acceptable value of both indicators, the content validity of the program is acceptable. Also, the results showed that life skills training had an impact on increasing the happiness and resiliency of the experimental group compared to the control group (p<0/01). Conclusion: According to the results, life skills program (self-awareness, coping with stress, empathy) based on indigenous culture is an appropriate and effective program for divorced women and its implementation can affect the happiness and resiliency of these individuals.

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Aim: Students are one of the most talented and promising segments of society and future builders of their country, and their level of health and psychological well-being will have a significant impact on learning and increasing their scientific awareness and academic success. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate a structural model of psychological well-being based on negative life events and mindfulness with emphasis on the mediating role  of coping styles. Methods: The method of conducting the present study was descriptive correlational of structurequational type. The statistical population of the study were the undergraduate students of Shahid Beheshti University in Tehran, 365 of whom participated through cluster sampling. They responded to questionnaires on negative life events, mindfulness, coping styles, and psychological well-being. The reliability and validity of the instruments were confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and confirmatory factor analysis. To analyze the data, structural equation method was used with Amos software. Results: The results showed that the effect of negative life events on the problem-oriented style and psychological well-being is negative and significant. The effect of mindfulness on the problem-oriented style and psychological well-being is positive and significant. The effect of problem-oriented style on psychological well-being is positive and significant. The mediating role of problem-focused coping style in the relationship between negative life events and mindfulness with psychological well-being is meaningful Conclusion: The results showed that the model presented among the students of Shahid Beheshti University has a good fit and confirmed the role of the variables of negative life events, mindfulness and problem-oriented coping style in psychological well-being.

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Aim: The goal of this study was to qualitatively analyze the factors underlying extramarital relationships in women with extramarital relationships. Methods: The goal of the present study is applied, and in terms of the methodology is a qualitative research. The target population are women referring to counseling centers in city of Yazd witha history of marital infidelity, from which 15  people were selected as a sample through convenient sampling and a  semi-structured interview was used. Decoding was performed using thematic analysis method. Findings: The results showed that the underlying factors of extramarital relationships can be identified in three dimensions. In the dimension of family and culture, two main themes were obtained, which included family and parenting style and gender-cultural schemas. Also, in the dimension of interpersonal issues, three main themes including self-esteem, feelings of inferiority and cohesion of personality and behavior were obtained.In the dimension of interpersonal issues, the main themes included relationship challenges and outward looks criteria. Conclusion: Extramarital relationships from the perspective of women are influenced by cultural, educational, and early years’ schemas experiences. Results also showed that extramarital relationships is a multidimentional construct that cannot be only related to psychological factors. So, for knowing the the underlying factors attention must also be given to cultural diversity in Iran.

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Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Imago-Therapy and Transactional Analysis in improving communication skills, conflict resolution, and rejection sensitivity of couples referred to Masjed Soleiman counseling centers. Methods: The method of this experimental study was pre-test and post-test, with follow-up, on an experimental and control groups. The statistical population of this study included all couples who referred to Masjed Soleiman counseling centers in 2019. Four counseling centers were selected randomly from the statistical population, and then 20 couples (40 persons) were randomly assigned into two experimental groups (10 couples for each group). Experimental groups were trained for ten 1.5 hour sessions. To collect the data, Quinn Dam Communication Skills Questionnaire, Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire (RSQ), and Marital Conflict Questionnaire (MCQ) were used. Multivariate repeated measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. Findings: The results of the analysis showed that Transactional Analysis was more effective on the variables of communication skills, conflict resolution and rejection sensitivity than imago-therapy (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, it can be said that imago-therapy and transactional analysis effective on communication skills, conflict resolution, and rejection sensitivity of couples, but transactional analysis was more effective than imago-therapy.

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Aim: The present study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of combining contextual and structural family therapies on cohesion and coping strategies of couples with marital dissatisfaction. Methods: This ‎experimental ‎research study utilized a pretest-‎posttest and two-month follow-‎up, with ‎control group design. The research population consisted of all couples with marital dissatisfaction who referred to family counseling centers in city of Birjand during the first 6 months of 2019. Furthermore, 20 couples with marital dissatisfaction were selected as the participants of the study using convenience and purposive sampling and were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control groups (10 couples in each group). The experimental group received the treatment for ten 90-minute weekly ‎sessions and the control group received no intervention during this time. The research instruments included the Lazarus and Folkman (1988) Coping Strategies Questionnaire and The Olson, Portner and Levy (1996) Cohesion Questionnaire, which were administered to the participants in the pretest, post-test and follow-up. To analyze the data, repeated-measures ‎ANOVA‎ was used. Results: The research findings demonstrated that the combination of contextual and structural family therapies was effective regarding cohesion and coping strategies of couples with marital unsatisfaction. It should be noted that the persistence of the treatment effect was maintained after two months (p<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that the combination of contextual and structural family therapies increased cohesion and problem-oriented coping strategies of maladjusted couples in the experimental group, compared to the control group.

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Abstract
Aim: The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of integrative couple therapy and integrative behavioral couple therapy on increasing the emotional and sexual intimacy of couples affected by infidelity in Shahriar (Andishe city in Iran). Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical population included couples whose male partner had cheated, and were referred to counseling centers of Andishe city in 2018. Twenty four couples were selected through convenient sampling and randomly assigned into two experimental groups and one control group (8 couples in each group). The subjects in the two experimental groups attended 10 couple therapy sessions, whereas no intervention was carried out for the control group. The subjects responed to the Marital Intimacy Needs Questionnaire (Bagarozzi, 2001). Results: The results of analysis of covariance and block analysis of variance showed that integrative behavioral couple therapy and integrative couple therapy had a significant effect on the component of satisfaction with confrontation in the dimension of sexual intimacy )p<0.05), but no significant difference was observed between the two approaches. Integrative behavioral couple therapy was also effective in increasing emotional intimacy in all components, but this effectiveness was not achieved in integrative couple therapy. Conclusion: Considering the effectiveness of integrative couple therapy and integrative behavioral couple therapy on the component of satisfaction with confrontation in sexual intimacy, the use of these approaches in promoting sexual intimacy of couples affected by infidelity may be effective. Also, considering the effectiveness of integrative behavioral couple therapy in increasing emotional and sexual intimacy, this approach can be used by couple therapists.
 

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Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of three methods of career counseling (cognitive-social, cognitive information processing, constructivism) and acceptance and commitment counseling on students' affective capital on ninth grade students. Method: The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design for five groups. The study population was all ninth grade female students in one of the education districts of Isfahan in the 99-98 academic year. The sample consisted of 100 female students who were selected by available and multi-stage sampling based on entry and exit criterias. And were assigned to four experimental groups and one control group (20 people in each group). The research tool was the Emotional Capital Questionnaire (Golparvar, 2016). While the control group did not receive any training, none of the eight experimental groups received training related to each method. All groups were evaluated by research tools before and after the trainings. Results: The collected data were analyzed at two levels of descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (multivariate analysis of covariance). The results showed that in comparison with control group there were no effects on feeling energy and positive affect by methods. Constructivism and acceptance and commitment had significant effects on happiness (P <0.01), but there was no significant difference between the two methods. Conclusion: According to the results, it can be said that the constructivism and acceptance and commitment are appropriate methods to increase the happiness of female students.

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Target: The purpose of this study is to analyze teachers' beliefs about the desirable class. Teachers 'beliefs about a desired classroom are important in that they shape teachers' expectations, actions, and behaviors in the classroom.
Research Methodology: The population of the study consisted of all teachers in the first and second grade of Kermanshah of these, 15 individuals were selected through purposeful sampling for in-depth interviews. Interviews were documented after audio recording and coded by Epochs method. The method of study was qualitative and phenomenological and the data were analyzed using Culizzi method.
Findings: After analyzing the data, from 152 beliefs and teaching beliefs. open source codes extracted from interviews, 32 subcategories and 3 main categories were obtained Behavioral Beliefs, Relationship Beliefs, and Teaching Beliefs.
Conclusions: Therefore, it can be said that teachers' beliefs about the desirable class have a wide range that is not limited to the behavior of the teacher or student and other factors such as family, teacher relationship with parents, physical structure of the class and teaching style also affect this.

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Aim: Emotional resilience is a multidimensional structure that explains why people who face difficult and stressful situations can act positively. The aim of this study was to predict corona anxiety based on emotional resilience with the mediation of emotion regulation in college students. Methods: This was a descriptive study using structural equation modeling method and its statistical population consisted of all students studying at Mohaghegh Ardabili University in the first semester of 1400 Persian calendar. A total of 250 individuals were selected through convenient sampling method who answered the online questionnaires on emotional resilience, emotion regulation and corona anxiety. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling. Findings: The results of the correlation coefficients showed that the anxiety of Corona has a negative and significant relationship with the total score of emotional resilience and emotion regulation, and also the emotion regulation has a positive and significant relationship with the total score of emotional resilience (p<0.001). The fit indices of the model also confirmed the path of emotional resilience on Corona anxiety with the mediation of emotion regulation. Conclusion: From a practical point of view, based on the results, it can be said that the adaptation strategies training program is a suitable solution for improving emotion regulation, increasing resilience and reducing students' anxiety.
 

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Aim: Paying attention to the level of health and psychological well-being of students as the most important future-makers of the country is of great importance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate and present a predictive model of their psychological well-being based on mindfulness mediated by coping styles. Methods: The method of this study was descriptive-correlational which was done by structural equation modeling method. The statistical population of the study included undergraduate students of Shahid Beheshti University in Tehran (Iran), three hundred sixty five of whom participated in the study through cluster sampling. In order to collect data, mindfulness, coping styles and psychological well-being questionnaires were used. The reliability and validity of the instruments were confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and confirmatory factor analysis. To analyze the data, structural equation method was used with Amos software. Findings: The results of this study showed that the effect of mindfulness on problem-oriented style and psychological well-being is significantly positive, but its effect on emotion-oriented style and avoidance style is significantly negative. The effect of problem-oriented style on psychological well-being is positive and significant, but the effect of emotion-oriented style and avoidance style on psychological well-being is not significant. Also, the mediating role of problem-oriented coping style about the effect of mindfulness on psychological well-being is significant. Conclusion: The results showed that the predictive model presented has a good fit and the variables of mindfulness and problem-oriented coping style are effective in psychological well-being.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to predict suicide attempt based on psychological pains, interpersonal needs, and peer pressure in students. Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the study included all students in city of Rasht (Iran), from which 250 people were selected through random sampling. Research instruments included Schneidmann (1993) Psychache Scale, Joiner et al. (2006) Interpersonal Needs, Dehingra, Budoshk, & O'Connor (2016) Suicide Attempt, and a peer pressure researcher-made questionnaire through which data was collected and analyzed using Pearson correlation and regression. Finding: The results showed that there was a significant relationship between psychological pain (psychache), perceived burdensomeness, and peer pressure with suicide attempts (P <0.01). And the results of regression analysis showed that psych ache and neutral belongingness can predict suicide in students (P <0.05). But the role of psychological pain has a higher power of predictability in suicide attempts among students. Conclusion: It can be concluded that psychological painss and neutral belonging are important factors that can predict suicide in students.

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Aim: Marital infidelity, which is known as one of the social problems, can cause the collapse of the family or even cause a crime. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the mediating role of marital intimacy in the relationship between midlife crisis and the tendency to Infidelity in middle-aged men. Methods: This research was of correlation type with structural equation modeling method. The statistical population of this research consisted of all men aged 40 to 60 in Razavi Khorasan province. The research sample was selected from the current population using available sampling method, the tools included: The questionnaire was marital intimacy (Walker and Thompson, 1983), mid-life identity crisis (Rajaei et al., 2017) and tendency to infidelity (Bashirpour et al., 2017). The sample size of this research included 200 men. Data analysis was done using structural equation method and SPSS and AMOS software. Findings: The results of the analysis indicated a direct and significant relationship between the midlife crisis and the tendency to commit marital infidelity. Also, there was an indirect relationship between midlife crisis and the tendency to commit marital infidelity, due to marital intimacy. Marital intimacy also had an inverse and significant relationship with the independent variable of midlife crisis. And finally, there was an inverse and significant relationship between the desire for marital infidelity and marital intimacy. Therefore, the assumed model has a good fit. Conclusion: Considering the predictive role of midlife crisis and the role of marital intimacy in people's tendency to commit marital infidelity, Specialists should emphasize the need to provide appropriate training to couples who are exposed to these injuries.

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Aim: The main purpose of the current research was to explore the commitment-oriented development model of the organization. Method: The current research was conducted in terms of qualitative methodology, based on the Grounded Theory method, and through Purposed sampling. The research community was formed by the employees of20 knowledge-based companies. Using a semi-structured interview, data was collected and after theoretical saturation was achieved, 17people were limited to the interview. To analyze the data, the grounded theory method was used, and in the analysis of the data obtained from the research, coding was done in three consecutive steps; Open coding, selective coding, and theoretical coding. Findings: In the present study, the findings indicate the identification of 300 primary codes, 80 open codes, 12 core codes, and 4 selective codes, which are generally in 4 axes of commitment-oriented organizational culture (commitment-oriented behavior, belief and values), commitment-oriented organizational structure (commitment-oriented supervision and selection, organizational role and organizational justice), commitment-oriented organizational policy (participation and realization of integrated commitment) And the commitment-oriented organizational climate (growth-willing, participation and support) is categorized. Conclusion: The results of the findings indicate that the development of commitment-oriented development in the organization can be implemented in various dimensions of the structure, policy, culture, and organizational atmosphere

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Aim: This research was done with the aim of revealing the concerns of unmarried girls before marriage. Methods: The phenomenological method was used to conduct this research. For this purpose, a semi-structured interview was conducted with fifteen 20–30 year-old single girls on the verge of marriage who reported having conflicts with their parents about marriage. The data was analyzed using content analysis, based on the Claysey analysis method. Findings: In this study, 2 main themes and 20 sub-themes were extracted, which include: a). parents' perceived concerns (with 6 sub-themes); and b). girls' concerns (with 14 sub-themes). The results of the analysis showed that the perceived concerns of parents in the field of marriage include: parents' belief that youngsters seek excitement, fear of the girl getting older, fear of the girl being helpless and alone, wrong selection by the daughter, and lack of readiness and maturity, and unfamiliarity with the boy dating. The worries of single girls on the verge of marriage include: compatibility with the husband's family, problems after marriage, fear of marriage, difficulty in compatibility with the future spouse, worry about the future, feeling of being limited in marriage, lack of progress after marriage, prediction of dissatisfaction after marriage, moving away from family, fear of future spouse's possible betrayal, lack of another date in the future, excessive negligence by parents in marriage and the effect of negative characteristics of the girl in marriage and marriage with an ideal person. Conclusion: It seems that girls on the verge of marriage suffer from a fear and worry about marriage and its related issues, which brings annoying consequences such as delay in marriage, therefore changes in the organization of attitudinal-cognitive and behavioral patterns it is needed.
 

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Aim: The present study was conducted with the aim of formulating a model of marital distress based on communication patterns and attachment styles with the mediating role of resilience in homemaker women. Methods: The present research had an applied objective and utilized a descriptive correlational method with a path analysis design for data collection. The statistical population of this study consisted of all homemaker women in the Narges Akbatan Community Group in Tehran during the first three months of the year 1401 (Solar Hijri calendar), from which 384 individuals were selected as the sample group, using convenience sampling. The research instruments included the Marital Distress Questionnaire, Communication Patterns Questionnaire, Attachment Styles Questionnaire, and Resilience Scale. Finally, the data were analyzed using the linear regression method within the path analysis framework, utilizing SPSS24 and AMOS23 software for statistical analysis. Findings: The results showed that communication patterns, secure and anxious attachment styles have a direct relationship with marital distress in homemaker women (p < 0.01). Moreover, resilience was able to mediate the relationship between communication patterns and marital distress, as well as the relationship between secure and avoidant attachment styles and marital distress in homemaker women (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The findings of this research indicate that in order to reduce marital distress in homemaker women, identifying couples' communication styles and attempting to change unhealthy communication patterns, through resilience-based training, counseling, and other interventions, can be effective.

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Paradox therapy model, as a new and comprehensive model for treatment of anxiety disorders. Based on this, the aim of the research was evaluating the effectiveness of paradox therapy (PTC) on test anxiety and self-confidence of Female high school students in Tehran. This plan used 4 participants in an ABA single subject design. Unlike traditional designs, in this design each person acts as their own control. The three stages of this design are as follows: Baseline phase: This phase lasted three weeks and the test anxiety level of the subject was measured and recorded using the Friedman and Jacob (1997) questionnaire and self-confidence using the Eysenck standard (1979) in three sessions. After determining a stable baseline, the study entered the intervention. 2. Intervention phase (B): This phase lasts for three weeks and in three 45-minute sessions, PTC paradox approach techniques were presented to the subject and 3. Follow-up phase (A): In this phase, during three weeks, the stability of the changes was measured. The results of the intervention were presented in several stages in the form of a eyes chart and effect size. The results of the intervention showed that the scores of self-confidence and test anxiety tests before and after the intervention of all 4 students were significantly different, indicating that the PTC paradox therapy had an effect on reducing the test anxiety of the students participating in this study and increasing their self-confidence. School counselors can use this treatment for students' anxiety disorders and increasing their self-confidence.