Journal of Counseling Research

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Goal: The goal of the present research is to determine the components of loneliness of teenage girls based on their lived experiences
Method: the present research was a qualitative research and the phenomenological method was used to conduct it. The sampling was goal-oriented i.e. the UCLA loneliness questionnaires were completed by teenage girls whose average age was 16 of whom 30 people whose loneliness grades were above the cut-off point were selected as the research population. The main research tool was interviewing and the data were saturated after 15 interviews and coding using the grounded theory.
Findings: The findings of the present research showed that the components of loneliness of teenage girls based on their lived experiences appear in the following order: 1- Loneliness in the family, 2. Communicative/social loneliness, 3. Emotional/personal loneliness. Considering the results of the interview and the thorough investigation into the loneliness experiences of teenage girls, it seemed that they mostly suffered from loneliness in the family like the feelings of being dismissed, ignored, blamed and also the feeling of mistrust of them on the part of their families. They deeply felt in their relationships and social environments that their needs for a companion and supporter were not met, and they suffered from finding no common grounds with others; also, they were unable to forge relationships with others and felt lonely despite being surrounded by people. Also, they experienced some emotions such as mistrust of others, hopelessness and surrender to loneliness and they were unable to express their feelings.
Conclusion: Feeling lonely in the family constituted an important part of the loneliness of teenage girls after which the communicative/ social and emotional/ personal factors take precedence respectively. With regard to the fact that the present research has been conducted in the cultural context of Iran, it seems necessary to consider the above-mentioned components in the therapeutic interventions and educational programs to prevent or treat the loneliness of teenage girls.
 

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Introduction: Given that the internet addiction affects different aspects of human life, adolescents among different age groups are most vulnerable because of internet's allure and special characteristics of their age. So, the aim of this study was to predict of internet addiction based on perceived social support and father bonding.
Method: In this study, among all students of Shiraz high schools,187 students (107 boy and 80 girl) were chosen by multistage cluster sampling, and they were asked to fill Young’s internet addiction test, Zimet’s perceived social support and Parker’s parental bonding (with father) questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16 whit step by step statistical regression test, independent T- test and Central and dispersion indexes.
Finding: the results of regression analyses showed that father bonding and the subscale of friends from perceived social support didn’t predict internet addiction, but the subscale of family (β=-0.28, ρ<0.01) and important person (β=0.19, ρ<0.01) predicted internet addiction. And finally Based on independent T-Test there wasn’t any significant differences between girls and boys in the use of the internet.
Results: this study indicated that family and important people’s support are very important for prevention of internet addiction in teen girls and boys.
 

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Abstract:

Objective: This study examined the couple took power in the relationship. Although Islam has entrusted the overall management of life to men, and its purpose is to enter about religious and customary in this field, but the chaff power takes a couple abnormal and pathological. How about that power couples to occur? And community and social gender learning how to influence couples? And a variety of power will be analyzed in relation to the test, whether the power couples in marital therapy is only a question of social justice, moral or physical therapy is an important issue? Are changes in marital satisfaction and mental health in couples therapy can cause? Methods: In this study is content analysis, and library. Results: In this regard, the new texts were a couple of power in the relationship. The strength of the relationship is a reflection of how the needs, interests and goals of a person over another. Relationship therapy approach social - emotional new approach in marital therapy work with couples and create a relationship of power in relation to the acts, will be introduced .Conclusion: When the power balance is distributed, each of the couples will be able to with your spouse become involved in issues that are important to them, And both feel they have the same right to express ideas, needs and feelings of their own, and thus marital satisfaction and family security will be established.

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Objectives: The aim of the current meta-analysis was to determine the effectiveness of parent education programs on children's externalized disorders. This research, using the meta-analysis technique and by integrating the results of various researches, determines the size of the effect of parent education programs.
Method: A total of 21 acceptable methodologies were selected and meta-analysis was performed on them. Data retrieval sources, SIDs, Noormags, Magiran, and the comprehensive Humanities Portal (ensani.ir). Data analysis and calculation of effect size were performed using the CMA2 software and the Hedges g index.
Results: The findings from this meta-analysis showed that the effect of parent education programs on extraversion impairment (1.17) is at a significant level of 0.00, which is evaluated in accordance with the Cohen table of the large effect size. The highest magnitude of the effect was 6.38 at a significant level of 0.00, which is estimated at a large magnitude (higher than 0.8). The lowest effect size was 0.77 and the significance level was 0.33, which is a small effect (less than 0.2).
Conclusion: It seems that parent education programs can be used as a suitable method for preventing extraversion disorders in educational and therapeutic centers.

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Individual identity is self-explanatory by emphasizing its difference from others. In this study, we examine the impact of nationalism on the degree of individual differentiation by communicating comm::::union:::: and social identity. The research method of correlation method is structural equation modeling. The statistical population includes all citizens over 15 years of age in the provinces of the country on the census data of population and housing in 2011. The Cochran formula has been used to determine the sample population. The final sample size is 1300 samples and the researcher made questionnaire. To analyze the results, a path analysis model has been used.
According to the results of this study, there is a direct and positive relationship between the identity and individual identity of the whole of the model, which means that as the national identity dimension increases, the degree of individual differentiation increases, and vice versa. Also, the results of this research show that individual identity differentiation was directly and negatively from the aspect of identity traditionalism with standard coefficient (0.087), national dimension of identity, direct and negative with standard coefficient (-0.96) The indirect religious variable of identity is directly and positively influenced by the standard coefficient (0.166), the ethnic ethic variable is directly and positively correlated with the standard coefficient (0.776). Individual identity is also indirectly influenced by the variables of the national dimension of identity, the religious dimension of identity and communicative communication. The proposed model of the national identity dimension is sufficient, but it is possible to expand on the other variables, such as mass communication, traditionalism, ethnicity, identity and the religious dimension of the identity of the research model

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Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of positive psychotherapy and cognitive behavior therapy on well-being and depression and in adolescents with depression symptoms
Method: This was a quasi-experiment with pretest /posttest method and control group. Study sample included all the adolescents with depression who referred to counseling centers and psychiatric services in sari, Iran, in the year 2017. 51 patients were selected using random sampling method and were randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group. The positive psychotherapy experimental group was under treatment within 10 sessions, and the cognitive behavior experimental therapy was under treatment within 8 sessions, each session of 90 minutes weekly, while the control group received no treatment. The data collecting instruments used in this study were children´s depression inventory (CDI) and Riff´s psychological well-being questionnaire (RSPWB).Findings: Data analysis by using multivariate covariance method showed that both positive psychotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy had significant effects on increasing well-being but the efficiency of positive psychotherapy in increasing well-being was more significant compared to cognitive behavioral therapy. Also, in the analysis the two methods of psychotherapies on depression, there has been a significant difference between the control and the experiment groups. While the two therapetical approaches were equally effective in reducing depression. Conclusion: Due to emphasis on the different psychological aspects and some common treating features, the two therapetical models of positive psychotherapy and cognitive behavior therapy were equally effective in reducing depression. But positive psychotherapy is more effective than cognitive behavioral therapy in increasing psychological well-being. So,  as one of the clinical interventions, positive psychotherapy can be used by experts and school counselors.                                                                                                                   
 

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Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the probability of marital infidelity prediction based on the degree of self-differentiation, family function and couple burnout in couples living in city of Sanandaj, Iran.  Methods: The research was fundamentally objective and in terms of the method of data collection, a descriptive type that was carried out in the form of a prediction correlation scheme was used. The research sample included volunteer couples experiencing infidelity who had referred to the counseling centers and family courts system. Sample size included 357 individuals filling out differentiation, couple burnout and family function questionnaires. Results were analyzed with SPSS and hierarchical regression method. Findings: The results of the study showed differentiation (B= - 0/-73) and family function (B= - 0/43)  are negative predictors while marital burnout (B=0/31) is positive predictor for infidelity (p≤0/01). Cconclusion: Therefore, it can be said that training courses about differentiation and preventing couple burnout, and as a result increase in family functioning can prevent marital infidelity.
 

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Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the causes of marital infidelity in women. Method: The method of this research was qualitative. The 17 women who experienced marital infidelity and were willing to cooperate with the researcher were selected through targeted sampling. They were deeply studied using semi-structured interviews. The study used the Grounded Theory approach to explain and analyze the findings. Finding: Three major categories were found about the causes of female marital infidelity. The causes of marital infidelity Included the boredom of life after each other's discovery, the inherent weaknesses of marriage, vulnerability when sexual or emotional need blocked, and Society transformation, The conservator factors Included the desire to experience excitement, the disclaimer of self and the emphasis on spouse features, to earn much creativity in gaining time for a relationship and hiding it, gaining courage for discovering new features in yourself, And responding to infidelity Included desire for divorce, Restoration of marital life, endurance of stress. Conclusion: To prevent marital infidelity, family education and enrichment of premarital relationships, these categories should be considered.

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Aim: The present study was conducted to compare the academic engagement, emotional creativity and academic self-efficacy in gifted male and female students. Methods: This study was a comparative cross-sectional study. The research population included all gifted students of first, second and third grade high school students in Ardabil in 1394-93 Persian school year, from which 60 female and 60 male gifted students were selected randomly in multiple phases. For data collection, Academic Engagement Questionnaire (Schaufeli et al, 2002), Emotional Creativity Inventory (ECI-Averill, 1999), and Academic Self-efficacy Questionnaire (Mac Elroy & Banting, 2002) was used. Data was analyzed using SPSS-20 software with descriptive statistical methods (mean and standard deviation), and inferential statistical methods. Findings: The results show that the gifted female students excel in academic engagement and components of absorbing and devoting themselves, whereas the gifted male student excel in emotional creativity and components of innovation, readiness and effectiveness - originality. Between the two groups, there was no significant difference in the academic self-efficacy. Conclusion: According to the results, it is essential that stakeholders of education use educational policies and teaching practices, and keep gender and individual differences of student in mind.
 

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Aim: This study was to examine the effectiveness of education for parent with Adlerian approach in reducing feeling of guilt and improving psychological well-being in children with depression. The method of this research was quasi experimental with pre-test/post-test design, with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all sixth-grade students in elementary school of Kamyaran, Kurdistan, Iran during the academic year 2017-2018. Using randomized cluster sampling, two schools (for boys and girls)  were selected and 60 parents whose children showed signs of depression were placed into experimental and control groups. The experimental group went through 8 ninety-minute sessions of parent education with Adlerian approach. In both groups, parents’ children answered two questionnaires that were designed based on Ryff’s psychological well-being scales (2002) and Izonk’s guilt and shame scales (2007). The data was analyzed with mixed-design analysis of variance. Accordingly, the findings have shown that the average scores of post-test and follow-up of the feelings of guilt for students in theexperimental group decreased and their psychological well-being improved significantly. Therefore, parent education that employs Adlerian approach has been effective in decreasing guilt in depressed children and improving their psychological well-being
 

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Aim: The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a life skills training program (self-awareness skills, coping with stress and empathy) based on Islamic culture in divorced women. Method: The method of qualitative research is narrative type and use of semi-structured interview. The statistical population includes all divorced women referring to counseling and psychological services centers of Kerman city and paired therapists, which 15 clients and 10 specialists were selected by available sampling method. Data were gathered using interviews and expert panel and data were analyzed using Lincoln and Guba method. Results: The results showed that life skills training program was codified in 3 main axes of self-awareness, empathy and coping with stress, 11 axes and 32 subject areas, and also, the content validity of this program is based on the Lavasha method and based on expert opinion with a content validity ratio (CVR) of 80% which is higher than the minimum acceptable level of 0.62 for this number of specialists. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the research, it can be said that life skills training program based on Islamic culture is an appropriate and effective program for empowering divorced women in life.
 

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Aim: The aim of this research was to investigate the factor structure, validity and reliability of the Protean Career Attitudes Scale of employees. Methods: This research was a descriptive research which investigated the psychometrics of the scale. The statistical population included the employees of Isfahan's engineer companies. The samples were 200 employees (including 78 females and 122 males) who were selected by cluster sampling method. Protean Career Attitudes Scale and Proactive Personality Scale were used. Findings: Data were analyzed by using factor analysis, correlation and multivariate analysis of variance. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the factor-second order confirmatory factor model and two factors-first order confirmatory factor model were confirmed and were fit with data. Finally, two factors-first order confirmatory factor model a better fit. In the one factor model, protean career attitudes were the latent construct and in two factors model self-directed career management and values-driven were latent constructs. The correlation of Self-directed career management subscale and values-driven subscale with proactive personality scale was 0.66 and 0.53 (p<0/01). Internal consistency of self-directed career management subscale was 0.72 and values-driven subscale was 0.70. Test-retest reliability in three weeks in self-directed career management subscale and values-driven subscale were 0.89 and 0.90 (p<0.01). Moreover, the results of multivariate analysis of variance showed that men in both self-directed career management subscale and values-driven subscale had higher scores than women. Conclusions: Overall, diverse career path perspectives scale may be used as a reliable tool to assess the perspectives toward different career paths.
 

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Aim: One of the most important factors influencing the stability and growth of family is marital adjustment. Marital adjustment refers to a situation in which couples often are concerned about each other’s welfare and satisfaction, which this process is established during the couples' life. Current research is aimed at studying the effect of relationship enhancement program training on increasing women' marital adjustment for women under the support of Imam Khomeyni Foundation. For this purpose, an experimental design with a pretest-posttest and control group was used. Among women volunteered to participate in the sessions, 40 individuals were chosen and randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group received relationship enhancement program training during six 90-minute sessions, while the control group received no training. Participants from both groups completed Spanier' marital adjustment questionnaire. Results from analysis of covariance and independent samples t-test showed that group relationship enhancement program training sessions significantly increased marital adjustment and its dimensions (satisfaction, cohesion, consolation and affection expression).
 

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Aim: Child abuse is one of the problems facing humanity. Families must be trained to distinguish the differences between parenting attitudes with harmful attitudes about children. This study aimed to investigate the comparison and recognition of parents with and without a college education about a variety of child abuse. Methods: This was a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews and the research population included 28 people (parents) with and without college education which were selected through purposive sampling. Results: parental knowledge about the type of child abuse (physical, emotional, sexual, and neglect) were examined in two different tables and in two groups with and without a college education and also knowledge and awareness of the risk factors and the consequences of child abuse provided in separate tables by considering college education and concepts and the main expressions is classified using open axial and selective coding. Findings: Based on conducted interviews, the recognition of physical abuse in both groups with and without a college education is equally high, but with the exception that the parental knowledge about the scope of types of child abuse is more in the group with college education  than the other group. In this study, parents without a college education in their parenting methods relied considerably  on physical abuse. Also knowledge of emotional abuse is high in parents with a college education, but there is awareness of emotional neglect among parents with a university education due to their education and employment. There is knowledge about sexual harassment in both groups with the exception that the information and awareness of sexual harassment among parents with a college education is much higher. Another significant point in this research was emotional neglect, due to preoccupation of parents with the virtual world in today's age. Conclusions: It may be concluded that the factor of education can be effective in recognition of types of child abuse. One interesting point was that most college-educated parents used third-person in their sentences, such that it appeared these parents did not use abusive behaviors in their parenting, but are aware of what constitutes abusive behavior for other parents, or they intelligently resisted self-disclosing. On the other hand, majority of parents without college education seemed to use sentences that pointed to their own behaviors and reactions in relation to their children, showing less resistance, talking more about their objective and personal experiences.
 

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Aim: A mental disorder known as anorexia is a relatively common disorder in the recent decades  and has affected many people, especially young girls. This study aims to predict the relationship between anorexia as the independent variable and family relations, self control, and alexithymia as predictor variables. Methods: This study is a descriptive-correlational type. The study sample consisted of 109 women in the city of Shiraz who were selected through convenience sampling. Anorexia mental disorder was measured using questionnaires from Garner and Garfinkel (1979), parental bonding were measured using questionnaires parental bonding by Parker et al. (1979),Self-control was measured using a self-control scale Grasmick (1993) and alexithymia was measured using the Toronto alexithymia (1986).The data was analyzed by stepwise multiple regressions test. Findings The findings showed that, impulsively is one of the sub-scales of self-control  (β =-0/24 , p<0/05) and the extreme support is a parental bonding based sub-scale (β =0/23 , p<0/05) predicted anorexia disorder. Meanwhile Alexithymia cannot predict anorexia disorder. Conclusion: Based on these findings, it can be concluded that efforts to regulate impulsivity and reduce extreme support in family relationships are effective in preventing from anorexia nervosa.
 

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Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the five major traits of personality and symptoms of depression in students, with mediating role of self-esteem and self-efficacy. Methods: The research method was descriptive of correlational type. In order to select the sample, 400 students studying at Gonbadkavus Azad and State Universities were selected through cluster random sampling. The instruments used in this study included depression scales, five personality factors, self-esteem, and self-efficacy. Pearson correlation test and path analysis methods were used to analyze the data. Findings: The results indicated that neuroticism as the strongest predictor of depression had a significant positive effect on it. While extraversion, agreeableness, self-esteem, and self-efficacy had a significant negative effect on depression. Also, the results of path analysis indicate that self-esteem and self-efficacy variables, simultaneously play a mediating role in predicting depression based on personality traits (extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism). Conclusion: According to the results of the research and the mediating role of self-esteem and self-efficacy in relation to personality traits and depression, planning to promote self-esteem and self-efficacy can play an important role in reducing depression by enhancing extroversion and agreeableness and reducing psychological distress.

 

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Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of career adaptability in relationship between emotional intelligence and career decision making difficulties among 9th grade students. Methods: This was a correlational research that using structural equation modeling. The statistical population consisted of 9th grade students of Qazvin province in the academic year 2016-17. The sample consisted of 433 students (206 boys and 227 girls) selected by multi-stage random cluster sampling. Measures included Career Adaptability Scale, Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory, and Decision Making Difficulties Questionnaire. The data were calculated using Pearson correlation coefficients (using SPSS-24), and structural equation modeling. The statistical significance of indirect effects also was calculated by bootstrapping method (using AMOS24). Findings: The results of this study showed that most of the overall -0.67 for the emotional intelligence on decision-making difficulties was indirectly due to the mediation of career adaptability (β = -0.41, p <0.001), while a part of it was more directly (β = -0.26, p <0.001). The conceptual model also showed a significant fit with the data (SRMR = 0.03; RMSEA = 0.06). The results of the comparison of total fit and path coefficients among girls and boys also showed that the research model is same for both groups (p <0.11). Conclusion: In line with the career adaption model, the results of this study showed that a major part of the effects of social and emotional meta-capacities on the reduction of the incompatibility of career adaptive responses can be explained by the mobilization of psychosocial resources in the management of career related tasks, transitions and crises.

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Aim: To become a counselor is not possible without growth, self-awareness, perfection, and self-exploration through receiving counseling and psychotherapy, which provides a unique opportunity for the counselor. The purpose of this study was to investigate and determine the effect of group psychotherapy with didactic approach and sensitivity training approach on the extent of  therapeutic mistakes caused by the neurotic counter-transference by counselors and psychotherapists. Methods: For this study, 45 participants (28 females and 17 males) with graduate degrees working at the university counseling centers in Tehran were randomly selected from among the statistical population (N=135) and placed in equal groups in experimental and control groups. Results: Comparison of the results of group interventions (eight 90-120 minute long) on the counselors by the "inventory of common therapeutic mistakes of counselors" in the pre-test and post-test, showed that both didactic and sensitivity training groups, when compared with the control group, had a significant effect on reducing the number of mistakes caused by negative counter-transference on behalf of the counselors. Conclusion: Receiving counseling and psychotherapy, along withsupervision reduces the mistakes of counselors in the process of psychotherapeutic  working with clients.
 

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Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between work meanings and subjective well-being through job satisfaction in Isfahan Oil Refining Company Staff. Methods: In this study, 280 stuff members at Esfahan Oil Refinery were selected through sampling of quotas. The participants took job satisfaction, subjective well-being, and work meaning questionnaires. For the data analysis, the descriptive statistics method and structural equation modeling were used.  The mediating role were tested via bootstrapping test. Findings: The results showed that job orientation and career orientation directly influence subjective well-being. Job orientation has significant negative effect on subjective well-being (p<0.05), and career orientation has significant positive effect on subjective well-being (p<0.001). Calling orientation has indirect effect on subjective well-being through job satisfaction (p<0.01). The mediating role of job satisfaction in the relationship between job and career orientation with subjective well-being was not significant. Conclusions: Overall, the findings showed that amongst different meanings of work, providing daily living expenses and to progress, has direct influence on subjective well-being, while career mission through work satisfaction has an indirect effect on subjective well-being.

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Aim: the aim of this research was to investigate the effect of Hope Therapy on mental health and meaning in life of depressed teenage girls. Methods: The research method was semi-experimental with pretest-posttest, and control group. The statistical population included all high school girls in Isfahan in 2016 and the statistical sample of the study included 24 girls who were selected by cluster sampling method and whose score on Beck-2 depression questionnaire was between 16 to 46, and who were diagnosed with depression through clinical interviews. These individuals were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. Afterwards, Hope Therapy was performed in a group format in 8 steps for the subjects in the experimental group, while the  control group did not receive any interventions. General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ) were used in the pretest and posttest stages. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. Findings: The findings showed that group hope-therapy had a significant effect on increasing mental health and meaning in life of depressed girls in the experimental group. Conclusion: It can be concluded that hope therapy base on group can be an effective intervention in promoting mental health and meaning of life of depressed adolescent girls.