Journal of Counseling Research

 The aim of this study was to examine the role of religious beliefs, religious orientation and hardiness with mental health among students. In order to evaluate the research hypotheses, 365 students of Islamic Azad University of Islamshahr Branch through the cluster random sampling ­were selected. Means of data collection were questionnaires of Hardiness, religious orientation , mental health and temple.  For data analysis, methods of­ the pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple linear regression were used. The results showed there is a significant relation between internal religion orientation , hardiness with mental health of students,but no significant difference was observed between external religion orientation with mental health.

Conclusion: Internal religious orientation , religious beliefs , hardiness are considered as important factors in predicting students ,mental health

Asiyeh Shariatmadar , ahra Gharavi Aim: The goal of the present research was to compare cognitive distortions in individuals with physical-movement handicap whose distress tolerance is high or low. Method: The method used in this research was of ex post facto causal-comparative type. Statistical population was all of the individuals with physical-movement handicap in Tehran, Iran, during the year 2013. For data collection, random sampling was used, and participants came from three educational/residential centers for individuals with physical-movement handicap in Tehran. Total of participants in this research included 71 qualified individuals. Tools for data collection were cognitive distortions (Salar, 1387) and distress tolerance (Simons and Gaher, 2005) questionnaires, both of which are considered self-report tests. Data were statistically analyzed through multivariate analysis. Results: The F-value calculated on the total score of cognitive distortions at the level of P <0/000 was significant. In other words, the cognitive distortions in the group with low distress tolerance were significantly higher than in the group with high stress tolerance. Calculated F-values for all subscales of cognitive distortions questionnaire except for personalization in the level of P <0/001 was significant. Conclusions: Results obtained from this research indicate that individuals with physical-movement handicap with low distress tolerance seem to use more cognitive distortions.

Somaye Kazemian , Ebrahim Naeimi Aim: This study aims to investigate the characteristic of assertiveness of mothers of delinquent adolescents. Method: The statistical population of the study consists of mothers of adolescents with delinquency living in Tehran. Convenience sampling was used to select study participants. The sample size was 15 people in each group (treatment and control groups). Consistent with qualitative research methodology, semi-structured interviews were used for collecting data about participants’ assertiveness. The resulting data from description of interaction between the couples were analyzed using phenomenological theory. Results: What was seen in studying the quality of assertiveness in mothers with delinquent adolescents included: a). withdrawn with care for others (others’ interests – following, accepting others’ talks, escaping response, playing victim), b). aggression with focus on self (dogmatic, uncaring, argumentative, dependence, competition as opposed to cooperation), c). withdrawal and submission to situation and conditions (hopeless, not believing self, blaming others, taking roles), d). withdrawal and parental role ambiguity (indecisive, lack of monitoring - unorganized monitoring, imbalance in motivation for daring behaviors – easy-taking, uncaring. Conclusions: The data from qualitative interviews were analyzed using three stages of open, axial, and selective coding. The results showed that, in the sample under study, most mothers of delinquent adolescents tended to be more passive and less assertivene.

Ali Mohammad Nazari Aim: The current meta-analysis aims to investigate the results obtained from the previous research on the role of family in juvenile delinquency. Method: To this end, 40 researches of Tehran University’s theses were compiled among which 20 researches appropriate for the analysis were selected. The research selection for the current meta-analysis was based on the following methodological factors: research questions, hypotheses, goals, population, sampling, procedure, statistical methodology, and reliability and validity of questionnaires. Statistical analyses were accomplished using the Comprehensive Meta-analysis Software. Results: The results of the current study which were obtained using the effect size combination of Schmit & Hantez showed a good support for the relationship between juvenile delinquency and the following factors: family behavior, divorce and parents’ separation, parents’ education, parents monitoring, economic situation of the family, religious beliefs of the family, family’s criminal record, and juvenile delinquency. However, the relationship between parents’ quarrel and juvenile delinquency didn’t receive any support. Conclusions: The results of the study may be used for curriculum planning, development, and treatment in schools, universities, counseling and psychotherapy centers for the aim of preventing delinquencies and reducing the negative effects of family-related factors in juvenile delinquencies.

The current research with the aim of investigating the relation between differentiation (I-Position), secure attachment style and marital satisfaction with couple optimism intermediary was done among the first –grade students parental of Darab city in the years of 2012-2013. Three hundreds and fourteen parents were selected using the method of multi-clustering sampling and they completed the questionnaires of Self Differentiation (I-position), secure attachment style, optimism of couple and marital satisfaction, The data were analyzed by the method multiple hierarchical regression simultaneously with method of Baron and Canny for studying the two designed models. The findings about the first supposed model showed that there are a positive relationship between I-position, couple optimism, and marital satisfaction, couple optimism is an mediate between I- position and marital satisfaction. The findings about the second supposed model showed that there are a positive relationship between secure attachment style and couple optimism, and marital satisfaction. The couple optimism is a mediate between secure attachment style and marital satisfaction. These results confirm that the primary relationship of people in a family environment leads to the shaping of special attachment style and states of low or high differentiation and these primary experiences have direct effect on couples’ interpersonal relationship in adulthood. Couple optimism also has the intermediary role between secure attachment style and I-position with marital satisfaction.

The purpose of present research was study on relationship between child-parent conflict and student’s academic self- concept with their life satisfaction. Method of research was correlation studies. The study population was all of male and female students in junior high school in Namin. The sample were 293 students of third graders that selected by using multistage cluster sampling method. Research instrument were Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS),Yi- Hsin Chen School self-concept inventory and Conflict Tactics Scales (CP). The data were analyzed with Pearson correlation and multiple regression methods. The results showed there was positive relationship between academic self- concept with student’s life satisfaction and there was negative relationship between child-mother conflict with student’s life satisfaction. The result of multiple regression showed that academic self- concept and mother’s verbal aggression are able for prediction the student’s life satisfaction. Other predictor variables are not able for prediction the student’s life satisfaction. Based on the results of the current study, it is concluded that Attempts to form positive academic self-concept and reduce conflicts between parent-child among adolescents have important contributions to their life satisfaction.

The research with purpose study effect empathy training through storytelling until oppositional defiance disordered become decrease in province south- western Tehran on sixth elementary students (male) is accomplished. For conclusion these levels, in Shahryar city30 students have choose with method of random sampling who were studying at schools (2013-14 years) for gathering data used from Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and also in order to data analysis used from covariance test. empathy training by storytelling was teached on examination group then, both of then have been gotten test. Result of the test showed : at examination group is decreased sign's oppositional defiance disordered but at control group is not seen significant changes the result of theory confirmed that; empathy training by method storytelling is effective on decrease of signs oppositional defiance disordered

This qualitative study was done for the purpose of comparing the couple relationships in the view of mothers of children with disability and mothers of normal children. For doing this qualitative study , 12 mothers with mentally retarded children in the daily rehabilitation center of Ahang and 12 mothers with normal children who referred to quarter houses of Nabi Akram and Chaharsad Dastgah , were chosen by convenience sampling method. General and open questions in the subject of co-parent communication were expressed through in-depth interview. The information gained from interviews analyzed and coded with content - analysis method and with the Strauss-Corbin model. The results have also shown that parents of normal children communicate better than parents of mentally retarded children. In terms of self-attention and having talking skills , paying attention to life partner and using healthy communicational patterns , parents of normal children are in a better situation , but there was no noticeable difference in the problem-solving methods in both families. Relationships among couples are one of the crucial basics of the family which play an important role in adapting family members with the suffering member. Thus , it needs more researches in the context of couple relationships in these families. furthermore , since mothers have closer relationship with the disabled child , they face more impairment both physically and emotionally. So they need more educational programs and incorporeal supports.

Aim: The present research was aimed to determine the relationship between normal and neurotic perfectionism, and self-handicapping and its subscales (negative mood, effort, and excuse-making) among male university students. Method: The method of the current research was descriptive-correlational. Total of 350 male post-graduate students from University of Tehran were selected by cluster sampling method. The participants completed the Jones & Rhodewalt Self-Handicapping Scale (1982) and the Terry-Short, Owens, Slade, and Dewey's Perfectionism Scale (1995). The collected data was analyzed through Pearson linear correlation and linear regression analysis. Results: Normal perfectionism showed a significant negative correlation with self-handicapping and components of negative mood and excuse-making, and there was a positive and significant relationship between normal perfectionism and the effort component. On the other hand, neurotic perfectionism had a significant negative relationship with self-handicapping and components of negative mood and excuse-making, but it showed no significant relationship with the component of effort. Also, normal and neurotic perfectionism concurrently showed the most prediction power for negative mood, the total self-handicapping, excuse-making, and effort, respectively. Conclusions: With increase in students' scores in domain of normal perfectionism, their self-handicapping behaviors seems to decrease, while an increase in their neurotic perfectionism scores appears to correlate with increased self-handicapping behaviors. It is also possible to directly predict the students' self-handicapping through normal and neurotic dimensions of perfectionism.

Abstrac Purpose:The present study examines the impact of group counseling based on acceptance and commitment therapy(ACT) on the quality of life addicts wives. Method: The population of the study consists of all wives of drug abusers in addiction treatment centers located in Isfahan, Iran. For this purpose, thirty of them and then randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Pretest- posttest and follow-up test design were employed in both experimental and control groups. The participants to the World Health Organization quality of life questionnaire which assesses the pretest. The experimental group recived 8 sessions of 90 minute acceptance and commitment therapy(ACT) but the control group received no intervention. Immediately after the intervention and amonthe later the participants again responed to the quality of life questionnaire. Result: The results showed that the experimental group who receive intervention based acceptance and commitment to the participants in the control group behind test the quality of life (and subscales) had abetter score. This in creases the score at follow-up was maintained. Conclusion: According to the result we can conclude that group counseling based on acceptance and commitment therapy significant effect.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the role of general self-efficacy mediated the relationship between differentiation and social identity among students. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study, a correlation was performed. The study population were all university students of martyr Beheshti and Allameh Tabatabai, where 120 people were selected by convenience sampling. To collect the data, and differentiation (DSI), General Self-Efficacy (GSE-17) and social identities were used. Data using Pearson correlation coefficients and path analysis were analyzed.

The purpose of present study was to investigate the role of secondary trauma as a mediator in relationship between attachment styles and father-child conflict. This study was a correlational research that carried out by structural equation modeling. warfare victims’ children living in Yazd, Esfahan, Najafabad, and Yasuj and studying at Shahed and Isargar Schools of these cities were the target population in this study. Of this population, 607 subjects were selected by cluster sampling method. Secondary traumatic stress scale (STSS), Adult Attachment Scale and Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale (PCTS) were used to collect the data. Finally, correlational analysis and structural equation modeling used to analyze the data. The findings show that insecure avoidant and insecure ambivalent attachment by secondary trauma significantly related with verbal and physical aggression. Secure attachment style was not any direct and indirect relationship with father-child conflict. But, insecure avoidant attachment has a direct relationship with reasoning and verbal aggression. Finally, fit index show that proposed model in present study was confirmed with a few modification. With regarding Findings of the current study can conclude that secondary trauma has a significant role as a mediating factor in relationship between insecure attachment styles and father-child conflict and therefore probably told that teachings based on attachment styles prevent transmission of secondary trauma and then father-child conflicts in Warfare Victims’ Children.

Aim: life’s quality is a broad term that encompasses all aspects of a person's current life. Reduction life’s quality can have a lot of problems for people. For this reason, the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of couple therapy combining cognitive-behavioral and Structural upon life’s quality of couples who are divorcing. Methods: This study was semi-experimental with pretest-posttest and nonequivalent control group. The study's sample composed of all couples having conflicting referring to family counseling center of Sanandaj Justice in 1391. 32 Person of couples conflicting were selected by random sampling in both experimental and control groups (each group of 16 Person). The instrument of data collecting was life’s quality Questionnaire of World Health Organization(WHOQOL-BREF).. Couples of experimental group received 10 sessions cognitive-behavioral and structural therapy. The data were analyzed by using covariance multivariate analysis . Findings: Results showed that combining couple therapy could have increase life’s quality and its aspects in experimental group in compare to control group (p≤0/05, F=3/554). Conclusion: Results of this study have emphasized the role and effect of couple therapy combining cognitive-behavioral with structural on life’s quality of couples divorcing.

Aim: This research has been made in order to study the ways of effects of personality traits, communicative features and cultural contexts on emotional belonging in couples.  

Method: The research methodology was correlational and the statistical population included all couples living in Tehran, Iran, in 2015. From this population, 954 persons (451females and 503 males) were randomly selected via multi-stage cluster sampling from 5 areas of Tehran municipality. Measurement material included the successful marriage inventory. Data analysis was done using AMOS software and path analysis was employed.

Result: Analyzing data indicated that personality traits and the cultural contexts have both direct and indirect (by effect on communicative features) significant effect (p<0/05) on emotional belonging. Also communicative features have significant (p<0/01) direct effect on emotional belonging. 

Conclusion: Findings of this research indicated that emotional belonging in couples has been affected by various factors. These results may be useful for marriage counseling and opening new ways in solving marital problems.

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of career training on the development of the career path of the mentally disabled students. Methods:This research was a semi-experimental using a control group and pretest-posttest method. The sample was a group of 72 students in the third, fourth, and fifth grades in primary school. The sample was selected randomly based on clustered sampling from two schools and students were put into the experimental and control groups. The data was gathered using a researcher-made questionnaire based on Gatfredson’s theory and was analyzed by one-way variance analysis and covariance analysis. Results: The data showed that there was a significant difference between the mean scores in the experimental and control groups and a significant difference between the careers’ cognitive map of girls and boys (p<0.001). Conclusion: In general, the career training effects on development of career in  mentally disabled students.

 This study aimed to investigation effects of parental divorce on psychological empowerment in boys. The nature of present research is  qualitative. The study population consisted of boys with divorced parents who are located in  Shahryar. Purposive sampling was performed.  Depth interviews were conducted with a total of 13 boys from families who live with their mother and had experienced divorce five or less years. Reduction and Interpretation which developed by Marshall and Rossman were utilized. This method includes sorting data in different classes and encode them. psychological empowerment was coded in five components: Sense of competence, sense of meaning, sense of belonging, , self- concept, sense of trust . also, factors affecting the psychological empowerment in boys who experienced parental divorce were classified in five  dimensions.  Includes: witnessed and / or were victims of parental violence either for many years prior to the separation, severe economic decline, their relations with parents after divorce, change in social network, theire perception of parents explelanation about divorce. It however seems reasonable for one to conclude that the negative impact of divorce on children can be large if they are exposed to parental arguments, conflicts and violence if they lack support from family and social network members, if they experience a sharp decline in their standard of living if  they experience negative changes in relationships with their parent.

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy on academic adjustment in high school female students. Method: Research type was semi-experimental and pre-test, post-test design with control group. Population of this study was all female the second course high school students in Kermanshah academic year 2015. 30 students were selected through cluster sampling method and assigned in 2 groups (experimental and control) randomly. The experimental group received schema therapy training in 8 sessions. The research instruments include academic adjustment scale subscales CPI Thrope, Clark & Tieges. The gathered data were analyzed through ANCOVA. Results: Research findings showed that the hypothesis based the effect of schema therapy on academic adjustment has been approved and the experimental group ratio control group in post-test significantly had more academic adjustment. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that the approach of schema therapy has a significant effect on increasing academic adjustment.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of hope therapy on happiness of male in physical-motor disabilities. The research method was semi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population of study included all the physical-motor disable male under welfare organization of Kamyaran city in 2015 year, That among them by using available sampling, 30 male were selected, and randomly assigned in experimental (15 individuals) and control (15 individuals) groups. The experimental group had received 8 sessions of hope therapy. Oxford happiness questionnaire expression inventory to data gathering. Data were analyzed by covariance statistical method. Findings indicated that the research hypothesis effect of hope therapy on happiness of physical-motor disable male had been proven and physical-motor disable male of experimental group in comparison with control group, in posttest had a significantly high happiness. So, we can conclude that hope therapy has a significant effect on increase the happiness of physical-motor disable male.

Abstract

Background: marital quality of life as an index of marriage success is among the important factors related to marital stability. Quality is a dynamic and interactive process among couples which is influenced by each couple's appraisal of their relationships and it includes both individual and interpersonal factors. Current research aimed to investigate the role of irrational beliefs and emotion regulation skills in predicting the marital quality of life. Methods: in this cross-sectional, correlational study the population consisted of the married, female teachers in Sabzevar which were working as teachers in 2015. The sample included 303 of these female teachers which were selected using single stage random cluster sampling method. Instruments included Persian translations of the revised dyadic adjustment scale (RDAS) and the emotion regulation skills questionnaire (ERSQ), the Persian 4-factor irrational beliefs test-Ahvaz (4IBT-A) was also completed by the participants. Descriptive statistics, Pearson product moment correlation, and stepwise regression were used as data analysis methods. Results: irrational beliefs and emotion regulation skills significantly predicted the marital quality of life. Irrational beliefs variable with a beta coefficient of -.36 was the strongest predictor of marital quality of life. Conclusion: Irrational beliefs negatively and emotion regulation skills positively predict the marital quality of life.  

Domestic violence against children, in addition to its humanities and human rights issue, is considered a major health problem that can make vulnerable and pose as a risk through its physical, mental, and social consequences for children, families and the society. The current study aimed to explore the life experience of children lived with domestic violence. Methods: The present study was of qualitative type, and followed a phenomenological approach. Data collection was carried out through using semi-structured interviews and focus groups. Data from the interviews were analyzed using Granhaym- Landman content analysis. Results: The children's life experience regarding domestic violence was categorized into three-stratum "experience of physical and psychological abuse", "using of self-care strategies", and "social presence as a challenge". Conclusions: The results of this study emphasize the importance of preventive measures and more attention from the authorities and those in charge of protecting children. In this regard, effective measures can be taken through raising the awareness of different stratum of society, educating to build a culture and upbringing free from violence, and developing and improving protection laws for children, and identifying vulnerable families and providing rehabilitation services for victims of child abuse.