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Aim: This research has studied psychological dynamics of infertility on referred women. Mehtods: In this research, the sample of 21 infertile women to be studies were selected through purposeful sampling. Theoretical sampling process continued until data saturation. The information was gathered and data analysis was carried out by open and axial coding. Findings: The research findings showed psychological consequences of infertility to be, in order: 1. Therapeutic helplessness, 2. Meaninglessness, 3. Self-criticism, 4. Expression of strong negative emotion, 5. Psychological disorders, 6. Use of psychological medications, 7. Suicidal ideation, 8. Isolationism, 9. Marital arguments over being alone, and 10. Empty and boring houses.  It appears infertile women experience adverse psychological situation. Conclusions: The findings of the research include 11 main categories and 1 core category named “birth (increase) of inability”, which refers to the concept of infertile women may, for acceptable reasons and over time, experience a sense of inability in other life domains. In general, the results show a growing existence of inability and meaninglessness in the target population, which eventually leads to psychological disorders, use of psychological medications, and boring homes.

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Aim: Television and news programs are full of scenes that remind us that life will no doubt end. The purpose of this study was to investigate the representation of death news and its exciting symbols in virtual news channels. Methods: The research method was qualitative and thematic analysis was used. The population of the study included virtual news channel contents and the sample were four high-profile news channels in which the news of death during the period of May-August 2019 was reviewed. Month and channel selection were random and sampling continued until data saturation. Findings: Based on the analysis of news themes, the representation of death news was categorized in ten themes: physical and disease complications, unintentional accidents, brain death, alcohol and drug abuse, suicide, mass killing, murder, retribution, negligence leading to death, and death and killing of animals, as well as representations of attention-grabbing practices and increased excitement were categorized into five themes of stimulating imagination (sensitive location and time of occurrence, symbol of fear and apprehension and conflict), imaginative symbols (sympathetic and associative, unfinished affair and ambiguity), quantitative symbols (statistical increase and volume of news coverage, symbols of importance (reporter’ responsibility and fame), and references to taboos (rape leading to death). Conclusion: The difference between the representations of mortality factors in research and news differs in presenting prevention methods in research. Meanwhile, in the news of death, awareness and the provision of useful preventive strategies have been nearly zero. This causes continuous rumors of negative events that increase emotions of sadness, fear and anger and cause people to feel insecure.

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Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of dialectical behavioral therapy on resilience and psychological well-being of couples referring to Bushehr counseling centers. Methods: This study was performed on 3 couples (6 people) who were selected through voluntary and purposeful sampling. Data collection tools were Connor and Davidson Resilience Scale (2003) and Ryff Psychological Well-being Scale (1989). Data were analyzed by visual mapping, reliable change index and recovery percentage formula. Findings: Dialectical behavioral therapy was able to increase the couple's resilience (83.19% recovery), which lasted for three months until the end of the follow-up period (71% improvement). Also, dialectical behavioral therapy was able to increase the psychological well-being of couples (44.28% improvement) which was permanent until the end of the three-month follow-up period (69.83% improvement). The sustainable change index also indicated a significant change (P> 0.05). Conclusion: The results of clinical analysis of significance showed the effectiveness and importance of dialectical behavioral therapy intervention in enhancing couple resilience and psychological well-being of troubled couples and the mentioned variable could explain high rate of resilience and psychological well-being in maladaptive conditions.

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Aim: Mindfulness, as a new therapy method, has its roots in the culture of the East. The aim of this study is to identify the cultural and mindfulness-based metaphors in the Rumi's Masnavi (three chapters of first book). Methods: The current research analyzes the content of the above-mentioned section of Masnavi. The sampling was targeted and 1027 metaphors were identified. The metaphors attributed to the 9 components of mindfulness were identified, and their abundance was also cosidered. MAXQDA coding software was used to analyze the extracted data. Findings: The investigations showed that the number of the metaphors in the first chapter was two times more than the second and third chapters. The metaphors related to the components of mindfulness according to the number were sorted as follows: the non-striving, trust (confidence), non-judging, generoslty (kindness), patience, acceptance and gratitude, beginner's mind and letting go. In other words, the non-striving and letting go were respectively used most and least frequently. The sub-components of surrender, non-fighting and silence were identified for the non-striving component. The sub-components of insight, inclusiveness, and non-comparing was distinguished for the non-judging component . In addition, based on the researched metaphors and the concept of mindfulness, four new components of awareful action, observation and describing, understand (empathy) and balance, as other components of mindfulness were also discovered. Conclusion: For the means of facilitating the conveyance of concepts, education and therapy with cognitive-based mindfulness, it is suggested that  therapists and counselors use the folk and cultural metaphors in the poems of Rumi.

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Aim: In each period of life, a person has special relationships with others, and these relationships can enhance one's personal and social health or bring psychological harm. Adaptability, which is one of the most important signs of mental health in teenagers, can lead to psychological maladjustment under mental stress. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between frustration tolerance and approval motivation with emotional adjustment of female students. Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included all third-grade high school students in 6^th district of Tehran studying during the academic year 1397-98. The research sample consisted of 200 female students who were selected via cluster random sampling method. The tools used in this study were Harrington's Frustration Tolerance Questionnaire (2005), Trinity Patients Approval Motivation (1991), and Sinn and Singh's (1993) Students' Emotional Adjustment Scale. Findings: Pearson correlation and multicollinearity regression methods were used to analyze the data. Findings showed that there was a significant relationship between frustration tolerance, and approval motivation with emotional adjustment. Also, the variables of frustration tolerance and approval motivation could predict emotional adjustment. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, reinforcement of the approval motivation and frustration tolerance can be effective in education of the  students with high emotional adaptability.

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Aim: The purpose of the present study is to determine the effectiveness of developmental therapies based on cognitive information processing approach on improvement of dyslexia in 7 to 9 years old children with learning disabilities in Alborz province. Methods: The method of this research is pre-test; post-test, with control group. The statistical population of this study consists of 60 persons, 30 of whom were placed in treatment group and 30 were placed in the control group. Prior to treatment interventions, IQ was assessed using Wechsler IV test, signs and symptoms of dyslexia was assessed with Cattell Horn Carroll's developmental therapies approach, ISHINR and cognitive information processing and learning style of students, parents, therapists and teachers was measured and evaluated using VAK Questionnaire. Then the students were divided into three separate groups of visual, auditory and kinesthetic based on their gender, age, educational level, learning style and considering the study goal. Thereafter, the training sessions were held within two months for these three groups. The students attended 15 ninety-minute training sessions along with their parents, while the control group did not receive any training.  Results: The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) method and the results showed that there is a significant difference (5%) between all of the three treatments groups in comparison with the control group, so all the three treatments methods are effective. Conclusion: Developmental therapies (VAK learning style) utilizing cognitive information-processing approach are effective in the treatment of cognitive dyslexia.

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Aim: Counseling is one of the most important issues in our religious culture that has been addressed since the beginning of Islam and is mentioned in the Holy Quran and the words of the infallible. The main purpose of this phenomenological study was to investigate counselors viewpoint towards Islamic counseling centers. Methods: In order to understand the life experiences of the clients, a qualitative research method was adopted with a phenomenological approach. The study population consisted of all counselors of Islamic counseling centers in city of Qom. For the purpose of sampling the counselors, several Islamic counseling centers were purposefully selected. Sampling continued until the theoretical saturation of the data was reached. Finally, 11 counselors were selected and semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect data. Results: The data analysis was done through open coding and axial coding and resulted in 10 themes or categories from 89 open codings. The main themes included: 1) the sources of Islamic approach, 2) a different view of human foundations in Islamic psychology, 3) having a paradigm or worldview, 4) adapting the treatment approach to the client’s culture, 5) strategies to promote Islamic psychology, 6) the potential limitations of Islamic psychology approach, 7) main techniques in applying Islamic approach, 8) differences between the Islamic psychology and the Western approaches, 9) areas of effectiveness of Islamic psychology, and 10) today’s position of Islamic counseling centers. Results: Overall, based on the analysis of feedbacks, and despite different perspectives, it can be said that Islamic counseling approach has a positive and significant role in the process of counseling for clients.

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Aim: The present study aimed to compare cognitive flexibility, psychological capital and coping strategies with pain between individuals with COVID-19 responding and non-responding to home treatment. Methods: Methodology for this study was ex-post facto. Population included individuals with COVID-19 who responded or did not respond to home treatment in city of Tehran. Using snowball sampling, 87 individuals responding to home treatment and 92 individuals who did not responde to home treatment were selected and completed the questionnaires of Dennis and VanderWal (2010), flexibility, Luthans et al’s cognitive psychological capital (2007), and Rosenstiel and Keefe’s coping strategies with pain (1985). Data were analyzed using MANOVA. Results: There was significant difference between cognitive flexibility, psychological capital, and coping strategies with pain between the groups of responding and non-responding to home treatment (P<0.01). Catastrophazing-type of coping strategy was less in group of responding to home treatment than group of non-responding to home treatment, but cognitive flexibility, self-efficacy, hopefulness, resiliency, optimistic, and coping strategies of diverting attention, reinterpretation of pain, ignoring pain, self-talk, pray-hopefulness, and increase of behavior in group of responding to home treatment were higher than the non-responding group. Conclusion: Cognitive flexibility, psychological capital, and coping strategies with pain effect responding to home treatment of COVID-19. The results provide evidence that applying the interventions of prevention and treatment based on positive psychology as improving cognitive flexibility, psychological capital and efficient coping strategies can effect the procedure of home treatment and increase responding to COVID-19 treatment.

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Aim: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of theory of mind training on social skills of students with oppositional defiant disorder. Methods: The present research was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest and control group. Thirty students with oppositional defiant disorder were chosen through available sampling from among those referred to the cultural center of the city of Kermanshah in 2016, and  randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The tools used included the Gresham & Elliott and Elliott Social skills Grading Scale and the Sakuma Oppositional Defiance Disorder List. The experimental training group received theory-of-mind in 10 one-hour sessions. Data analysis was performed using covariance analysis. Results: In the post-test phase, the mean of social skills increased significantly in the experimental group, compared to the control group (P <0.01). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that teaching the theory-of-mind is effective on the social skills of students with oppositional defiance disorder.

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Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between personality traits, emotional maturity, and meta-cognitive beliefs with the tendency toward emotional divorce in couples in city of Zanjan. Methods: This was a correlational research and the statistical population of the study consisted of married students who were studying at Zanjan University in the academic year of 2016-17. In this study, 150 married students were selected using available sampling method. Data were collected through McCrae and Costa Personality Questionnaire (1990), Singh and Bahargawa Emotional Maturity Questionnaire (1974), Wells Metacognitive Beliefs Questinnaire  (2000), Gottman’s Emotional Divorce Questionnaire (2008). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression. Results: Findings showed a negative significant relationship between personality characteristics of conscientiousness and acceptability with  tendency to emotional divorce. A positive significant relationship was observed between personality characteristic of neuroticism and tendency toward emotional divorce (P <0.01). Moreover, the findings also showed a positive and significant positive correlation between emotional maturity and tendency for emotional divorce, and positive relationship between positive beliefs and tendency toward emotional divorce (P<0.01). Overall, acceptance and conscientiousness show a negative, while neuroticism and emotional maturity show a positive and significant tendency prediction towards emotional divorce. Conclusion: According to personality traits, emotional maturity and metacognitive belief variables related to emotional divorce, can be identified and used in psychological and counseling interventions for couples.

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Introduction: Due to the prone to having earthquakes of Iran and given the importance and necessity of the role of schools in the lives of students, especially in times of crisis, the purpose of this study was to identify effective school indexes after the Serpol zahab earthquake in 1396.
 

• Aim: Because of the risk of earthquakes in Iran and given the importance and necessity of the role of schools in the lives of students, especially in times of crisis, the purpose of this study was to identify effective school indexes after the Sarpol Zahab earthquake in 1396. Methods: This qualitative research was conducted through the phenomenological approach. Therefore, 15 educators (including managers, teachers and counselors, etc.) were selected through purposive sampling method. Data were collected through in-depth interviews. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and coding was used to analyze the data. Results: After documenting the interviews, 290 primary codes, 12 sub-indicators, and final four main indicators, including "students", "teacher and school staff", "school structure and facilities", and "environment and family" were extracted. Indicators for students include sub-indicators: adaptive-functional, psychological, academic; while sub-indicators related to teachers and school staff include these sub-indicators: educational, personal and assistance; school structure and facilities index include these sub-indicators: equipment, planning, coordination tasks; and finally the indicator of the environment and family included these sub-indicators: financial, psychological, and physical-structural. Conclusion: The results of this study can provide a comprehensive content of preventive measures related to the earthquake crisis to the ministry of education, so that the organization can provide protocols for crisis situations and provide them to schools nationally. By adhering to the results of this study, schools can help maintain their efficiency when passing through earthquake crisis successfully, while reducing its consequences.

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Objective: Resilience is a positive psychological component that focuses on individual abilities to cope with adverse life events. Several factors play a role in increasing resilience, including genetic, environmental, and educational backgrounds. Resilience can also play a boosting role for the immune system. Humor is a positive trait in life that some approaches, such as the psychoanalytic, see it as a defensive strategy against stress and a kind of relief. Researches shows that humor plays an important role in improving the function of the immune system against stress by improving resilience. The present study aimed to study the role of humor in women's resilience against the psychological pressures of quarantine days because of Covid-19 Virus qualitatively. Method: This study was conducted by studying the lived experiences of women during the outbreak of this pandemic, by phenomenological method. The research community included women who answered positively to the question of whether humor in quarantine played a role in your daily life. A purposeful sampling was used and 18 participants were interviewed until saturation. The research tools were semi-structured interviews and analysis of findings were performed by seven-stage phenomenological Kolizey’s method. Results: After coding the interviews and categorizing the sub-topics, for the first question, seven main topics "reducing stress levels, balancing life, being creative, distancing oneself from adversity, increasing happiness, strengthening patients' morale, and empathizing with the plight of others." Were obtained, and the core theme was "Choosing humorous strategies by reducing stress and creatively directing life, restoring balance to life and making people more resilient to the harsh conditions of the quarantine period." For the second question, the 5 main themes of "extensive use of resources, purposeful jokes with selective content, improvisational use and creativity, connecting jokes, and position-appropriate jokes" with the core theme of "The humor which increases resilience is in accordance with circumstances, creative, and it aims to strengthen interpersonal ties." Were obtained. Conclusion: The present study showed that humor can make it easier to endure the difficult conditions of quarantine and even illness and cause a more appropriate response to stress in crisis situations by strengthening morale and creating personal vitality.

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Aim: The purpose of this study was to develop a life skills training based on native Iranian culture and to determine its effectiveness on the happiness and resilience of divorced women. Methods: The research method used was qualitative-quantitative. The statistical population for this research included all divorced women between the ages of 30 and 40 who referred to counseling and psychological services centers of city of Kerman in the first half of 1395 (Persian calendar), among whom 30 were selected thrgouh available sampling method and were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (15 subjects each). To collect data, Conner and Davidson Resilience (2003) and Oxford Happiness (1989) Questionnaires were used. The training program was performed in 11 ninety-minute sessions  in the experimental group, and the control group was placed in the waiting list. The results were analyzed using covariance analysis. Results: The findings showed that the content validity ratio (CVR) was calculated based on the Lavoshe method for 10 experts (0/83), and the content validity index (CVI) based on the Waltz and Bassel methods for this number was 0/80, and based on comparing these values with the acceptable value of both indicators, the content validity of the program is acceptable. Also, the results showed that life skills training had an impact on increasing the happiness and resiliency of the experimental group compared to the control group (p<0/01). Conclusion: According to the results, life skills program (self-awareness, coping with stress, empathy) based on indigenous culture is an appropriate and effective program for divorced women and its implementation can affect the happiness and resiliency of these individuals.

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Aim: The aim of this research was to investigate the mediating role of self-compassion in relation between cognitive schemas of parents and happiness of children in students of first period of high school in Tehran. Methods: This research was a correlational study. In order to gather the data, three questionnaires, including  Oxford Happiness Inventory (Hill and Argyle, 2002), Young Schema Questionnaire (Young, 1990) and Self-Compassion Scale (Neff, 2003) were used. Statistical population included middle school students and their mothers in Tehran. From among this population, 384 individuals were selected through random cluster sampling. Data was analyzed through analysis of structural equations. Findings : data Obtained indicated that parents’ cognitive schemas have direct influence on children’s happiness. Among the 15 parents’ maladjustment schemas,   the incompetency incompetency, mistrust, social isolation, unrelenting standards, insufficient self-control, and defectiveness had significant effect on children’s happiness. Moreover, the mediating role of self-compassion and happiness in children was significantly influenced by mistrust, social isolation, unrelenting standards, and insufficient self- control schemas. Conclusion: Parents whose life experiences have shaped maladaptive schemas in their life have negative effects on their children’s positive emotion, and decrease the happiness of their children through their wrong behaviors.

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Aim: The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the coping strategies and levels of psychological adjustment in depressed and non-depressed women experiencing intrauterine fetal death (IUFD). Methods: This was a causal-comparative study. The research population includes all the depressed and non-depressed women experiencing intra-uterine fetal death who had active case file in specialized infertility clinics of district 5 of Tehran in 2017. Thirty depressed women experiencing intra-uterine fetal death and 30 non-depressed women experiencing intra-uterine fetal death (total 60 subjects) were selected through available sampling. For gathering the data, coping inventory for stressful situations (CISS), Veit and Ware’s mental health inventory, and Beck’s depression inventory were used. The data were analysed by statistical methods of multivariate analysis of variance. Findings: Results suggested that there is a significant difference in problem-focused coping strategies and emotionally-focused coping strategies in depressed and non-depressed women (P<0.01), but no significant difference was observed in avoidance coping strategies among depressed and non-depressed women (P=0.79). Also, results indicated that psychological helplessness is significantly lower in non-depressed women compared to depressed women and non-depressed women enjoy higher psychological well-being (P<0.001). Conclusion: The present study showed that coping strategies and psychological adjustment are variables that can affect the depression of women experiencing intrauterine fetal death. Therefore, these variables should be considered in order to treat the depression of these individuals.

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The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of group therapy based on Acceptance and Commitment  with integrating Acceptance and Commitment therapy and compassion Focus Therapy on the psychological well-being of divorced women.The research method  was quasi-experimental based on a pre-test, post-test design and follow-up with control group. The statistical population were divorced women who were referred to Ameneh Family Counselling Center in Tehran, during of 2016-2017 years. The sample included 32 divorced women who were selected by available and purposive sampling method in three group (2 experimental groups and 1 control group) including12 persons in each group. The first experimental group was received 10 sessions of ACT techniques and second experimental group was received 10 sessions of CFACT techniques (weekly 120 minutes’ sessions), but the control group did not receive any intervention. The research instrument was Reyf’s Psychological well-being Scale (RSPWB). Data were analyzed by using analysis of variance with repeated measures. The results indicated that both Acceptance and Commitment therapy and integration  of ACT with CFT on psychological well-being of divorced women were significantly effective. Also efficacy of CFACT on increasing of psychological well-being divorced women was better than ACT. Regarding the findings, the use of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy And integration of ACT with CFT  is an effective treatment for  promoting of psychological well-being of divorced women.
Keywords: Acceptance and commitment therapy, Compassion focus therapy, Psychological well-being, Divorced women

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Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of adolescent-reasoned mindfulness (MBCT) and emotionally focused therapy (EFT) on self-esteem and sleep Disorder of bereaved adolescents. Methods: The study had a quasi-experimental design, with a post-test, pretest design, control group, and follow- up phase. The statistical population of bereaved adolescents referred to the counseling clinics department of education in city of Shiraz during the year 2017-2018. From among this population, 48 were selected through available sampling and were randomly divided into two experimental groups, adolescent-centered mindfulness and, emotionally focused therapy, in addition to a control group. One experimental group received adolescent-centered mindfulness for 10 one-hour long sessions, while the second experimental group received emotionally-focused therapy for 8 one-hour long sessions. The subjects were evaluated with Self-Esteem Questionnaire (SEI , 1989) and Sleep Disorder Questionnaire (PSQI, 1967) before the initiation of treatment. Fourty-five days following the conclusion of group training, a follow-up was performed. The control group had no group education. Data were analyzed using repeated measures. Results: Results showed that the use of adolescent-centered mindfulness and emotionally-focused therapy is effective on self-esteem and sleep disorder of bereaved adolescents (p<0/05). The effect of adolescent-centered mindfulness were greater than emotionally-focused therapy and the changes were stable through the time. Conclusions: According to this study, it can be concluded that both adolescent-centered mindfulness training and emotionally-focused interventios are effective for self-esteem and sleeping problems in adolescents, and that adolescent-centered mindfulness was more effective in increasing self-esteem and reducing sleeping proglems.

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Aim: The purpose of present study was to qualitatively investigate the neccassary content for entrepreneurship training courses in the viewpoint of young entrepreneurs who lived in Yazd province, in order to providing more effective training courses. Method: This study was a qualitative research that using grounded theory. The population of the study consisted of men and women who participated in entrepreneurship courses held in Yazd province during 2011-2017 and are currently known as entrepreneur. Purposeful sampling was performed until the theoretical saturation of the interviews. Finally, 20 individuals (16 males and 4 females) were interviewed in a semi-structured manner and then the interviews were analyzed using three phases of open, axial and selective coding. Results: The results showed that in order to improve the effectiveness of entrepreneurship training courses, in intrapersonal dimension, several skills such as self-management, independence, social skills, motivational factors, control and orientation of problems, personality traits, emotional self-regulation and identifying and correcting of cognitive errors should be considered. In interpersonal dimension, coping with destructive behaviors, efficient interpersonal relationships, and social and organizational motivations are more important. In the occupational dimension, legal knowledge, economic, technology knowledge and networking knowledge should be considered. Finally, in the educational dimension, training prerequisites and structural and legal factors must be taken into account in order to have better entrepreneurship training courses. Finally, paradigm model of the content of entrepreneurship training courses was presented. Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that educational content of the current entrepreneurship training courses should be revised.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on cognitive components (fusion, avoidance and cognitive flexibility) and oxidative stress in women with type-2 diabetes. Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test/post-test design and control group on 60 female patients with type-2 diabetes referred to public health centers in Birjand (Iran) during 2016. Participants in the two experimental groups (40 subjects) and one control group (20 subjects) were recruited through convenient sampling and the tests administered randomly. Data collection tools included Gilander et al. (2014) Cognitive Integration Questionnaire, Sexton and Ducas (2008) Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire, and Dennis and Vanderwall (2010) Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire. Also, the experimental group was presented with Fendaic (2017) Dialectical Behavior Therapy protocol, Ghahari Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (2016) and cognitive therapy based on Seagal, Williams & Tizdell (2002) mindfulness, which was not presented to the control group. Data analysis was performed using univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance. Findings: The results showed that dialectical behavior therapy, in comparison with mindfulness-based cognition therapy on reducing cognitive components, and oxidative stress and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on thought-suppression and emotional components in patients with diabetes is effective (P <0.05). Conclusion: According to the findings, dialectical behavior therapy can be used as a complementary therapy to improve the emotional and cognitive components of diabetic patients compared to mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to develop a valid and reliable tool for measuring the level of people's participation in social network sites (SNS). Method: This research is in the R&D field in terms of purpose and is descriptive-survey type in terms of data collection method (research design). 979 students were selected out of all students studying in the University of Guilan in 2017-2018 using multi-stage random cluster sampling. A set of questions, after confirming their face validity, was given to the participants and all collected data was analyzed through heuristic method (based on data from 400 precipitants) and then by confirmatory method (using data from 579 participants) to determine the construct validity of the developing test. Results: A scale containing 34 items was developed and the items were distributed among the three factors of "emotion / cognition exchange" (20 items), "engagement intensity" (7 items) and "culture exchange" (7 items). Taken together, these three factors accounted for 46.73% of the total variance of the questionnaire. Based on the results of the reliability analysis (internal consistency), the coefficients obtained for the factors were between 0.81 and 0.90, among which emotion / cognition exchange had the highest coefficient of internal consistency index, followed by cultural exchange and engagement intensity, respectively.; The overall internal consistency of the questionnaire was 0.92. Conclusion: The Social Network Sites Engagement Scale (SNSES) has acceptable validity and reliability for measuring the level of participation in social network sites.