Journal of Counseling Research

---

The purpose of this study was the relationship between attachment styles and self-esteem with type D personality. 245 students (66 males & 179 females) have been selected using a cluster random sampling to fill out the adult attachment style, Rosenberg self- esteem, and type D personality questionnaires. The results show that there is a significant positive correlation between secure attachment style and self-esteem and a negative relationship between insecure attachment styles and self-esteem. Research findings also reveals that there is a negative relationship between secure attachment style and type D personality and a significant positive correlation between insecure attachment styles and type D personality. Results of stepwise regression analyses indicate that secure, ambivalent and avoidant attachment styles play a significant role in self-esteem prediction, respectively. Results also of stepwise regression analyses indicate that avoidant, secure and ambivalent attachment styles play a significant role in predicting type D personality, respectively. Analyses results also show that there is no gender significance among attachment styles. Our findings prove that attachment styles play the significant role in determining self- esteem and type D personality.

---

This study aimed to predict mate selection preference of female students through attachment styles and early maladaptive schema. With this purpose, 300 students (female) were selected randomly from students of Islamic Azad University. The subjects completed questionnaires of Early Maladaptive Schemas (short form) , Attachment Styles (AAQ) and Mate Selection Preference. Results indicated that there was a negative correlation between secure attachment style and content mate selection preference as well as between avoidant attachment style and process mate selection. There is negative correlation between impaired autonomy and performance and impaired limits domains, with process mate selection. The multiple regression analyses showed that secure attachment style was the best predictor of content mate selection preference as well as avoidant attachment style was the best predictor of process mate selection preference. Results also showed that impaired autonomy and performance was the best predictor of content mate selection preference and process mate selection preference.

---

i The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of attachment styles and parenting styles on self-actualization with mediating role of personality characters in students of Islamic Azad University, Science and Research of Khuzestan. 360 students (174 girls, 132 boys) were selected by simple random sampling method. The instruments included Simpson Attachment Inventory, Zaynali Inventory, NEO-FFI and Ahwas Self- Actualization Inventory. Fitness of the proposed model was examined through Structural Eqmation Modeling (SEM), using SPSS- 18 and Amas-18 Software packes. Indirect hypothesis were tested by bootstrap procedure. The results showed that the proposed model fit the data. Better fit and more meaningful results obtained by omittinh 1 nonsignificant path (authoritative style to openness) and using AMOS modification indices. Results related to indirect effects showed that indirect paths were significant except 3 indirect paths (secure attachment style to self–actualization through conscientiousness, unsecure attachment style to self–actualization through neuroticism and authoritative style to self–actualization through conscientiousness).

---

Amanelahi, A[1] - Karimzadeh Negar, A[2] - Aslani, KH[3]

This study examined the moderating role of mindfulness in the relationship between attachment styles and marital quality of female students in Shahid Chamran University in Ahvaz. Sample size included 207 married female students who were selected using convenient sampling. Participants completed Behavioral Systems Questionnaire, Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale,  and Marital Quality Index. Descriptive and correlational research methods were used, anddata was analyzed using Pearson correlation and linear regression, using statistical software (SPSS-21). Results indicated a significant positive relationship between the secureattachment styles and marital quality, and a significant negative relationship between preoccupied and ambivalent attachment styles with marital quality. The results also showed that mindfulness seems to moderate the relationship between secure, preoccupied, and ambivalent attachment styles with marital quality.

---

Aminnasab, z - Farahbakhsh,k Developing a stable professional identity, especially in counseling is a time-taking process. The goal of this study was to analyze the experiences of graduates in helping professions on the way of becoming professionals, so that the obtained data be used to clarify, in teaching, and for career supervision. The research method was qualitative in nature (phenomenological) with purposeful sampling. The sample population consisted of 23 counseling graduates with average of 4 years of working experience. The interviews were semi-structured in which the participants shared their experience of becoming professionals. Following data collection, coding and sentences related to their most important experiences (feelings of professional identity, expectations involved, counseling metaphors, and perspectives about rewards in counseling jobs) were drawn and analyzed. Responses showed indicated that participants seemed to be aware of profession's requirements and posses a sense of worth and effectiveness in the profession. Results of this study show the strengths, risks, and areas in need of growth in process of training counselors, which can be useful for academic programs in counseling.

---

Khaled Aslani , Ziba Zandi , Abbas Amanelahi Aim: The purpose of this study was to test the model of the relationship between attachment styles with affective adjustment and general health with mediating factor of child’s evaluation of inter-parental conflict and triangulation among female high school students in Ahvaz. Method: Descriptive and path analysis were used as the method for data analysis. Total of 213 female high school students were randomly selected through cluster sampling method. Participants completed the revised Adult Attachment Scale (RASS), Children Perception of Inter-parental Conflict Scale (CPIC), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), and Adjustment Inventory for School Students (AISS). Results: The analysis of structural equation modeling did not seem to show a desirable goodness of fit for the proposed model. However, carrying out covariation for child’s evaluation of inter-parental conflicts and triangulation, showed a good fitness for the data obtained from the final proposed model. The results of direct coefficients indicated a significant correlation between ambivalent and anxiety attachment styles with general health, affective adjustment, child evaluation of inter-parental conflict and triangulation, child evaluation of inter-parental conflict with general health, and triangulation with affective adjustment. Results from using Preacher and Hayes indirect coefficients test showed a significant relationship between ambivalent and anxiety attachment styles with general health that was mediated by child evaluation of the conflict between his or her parents, as well as their use of triangulation. Moreover, there seemed to be significant relationships between ambivalent and anxiety attachment styles, with affective adjustment, which was mediating by child’s evaluation of inter-parental conflict. Conclusions: Parents’ conflictual relationship and triangulation can have negative influence on general health and affective adjustment during children’s developmental process.

---

The aim of this research was to investigate effectiveness based on attachment intervention on marital adjustment in maladaptive couples. Statistical community included in participants that referred to Foolad Mobarake counseling center. Samples included in 20 couples selected by available sampling. Data collected by questionnaires that included: Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale and intervention. Statistical methods in this research contain descriptive and inferential statistics in the type of semi-experimental plans. intervention showed that attachment dimensions have significant effect on marital adjustment and this effect was not different for men or women. Totally, research findings showed that avoidant attachment has significant direct effect on marital adjustment, but anxious attachment’s effect was indirect and through mediating factors. Therefore, we can focus on attachment theory and cognitive behavioral therapy in couple therapy and work with maladjusted couples.

---

The current research with the aim of investigating the relation between differentiation (I-Position), secure attachment style and marital satisfaction with couple optimism intermediary was done among the first –grade students parental of Darab city in the years of 2012-2013. Three hundreds and fourteen parents were selected using the method of multi-clustering sampling and they completed the questionnaires of Self Differentiation (I-position), secure attachment style, optimism of couple and marital satisfaction, The data were analyzed by the method multiple hierarchical regression simultaneously with method of Baron and Canny for studying the two designed models. The findings about the first supposed model showed that there are a positive relationship between I-position, couple optimism, and marital satisfaction, couple optimism is an mediate between I- position and marital satisfaction. The findings about the second supposed model showed that there are a positive relationship between secure attachment style and couple optimism, and marital satisfaction. The couple optimism is a mediate between secure attachment style and marital satisfaction. These results confirm that the primary relationship of people in a family environment leads to the shaping of special attachment style and states of low or high differentiation and these primary experiences have direct effect on couples’ interpersonal relationship in adulthood. Couple optimism also has the intermediary role between secure attachment style and I-position with marital satisfaction.

---

The purpose of present study was to investigate the role of secondary trauma as a mediator in relationship between attachment styles and father-child conflict. This study was a correlational research that carried out by structural equation modeling. warfare victims’ children living in Yazd, Esfahan, Najafabad, and Yasuj and studying at Shahed and Isargar Schools of these cities were the target population in this study. Of this population, 607 subjects were selected by cluster sampling method. Secondary traumatic stress scale (STSS), Adult Attachment Scale and Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale (PCTS) were used to collect the data. Finally, correlational analysis and structural equation modeling used to analyze the data. The findings show that insecure avoidant and insecure ambivalent attachment by secondary trauma significantly related with verbal and physical aggression. Secure attachment style was not any direct and indirect relationship with father-child conflict. But, insecure avoidant attachment has a direct relationship with reasoning and verbal aggression. Finally, fit index show that proposed model in present study was confirmed with a few modification. With regarding Findings of the current study can conclude that secondary trauma has a significant role as a mediating factor in relationship between insecure attachment styles and father-child conflict and therefore probably told that teachings based on attachment styles prevent transmission of secondary trauma and then father-child conflicts in Warfare Victims’ Children.

---

The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between attachment styles and marital commitment in people who have committed adultery in the marital relationship. Methods: This study was correlational. The study population included all individuals who commit disloyalty to have been married in the spring of 95 were referred to counseling centers in Tehran, where 428 people were selected using a hand. To collect the data, Hazan and Shaver adult attachment style and marital commitment Adams and Jones were used. The data correlation and regression analysis using software PLS-3 been done. Results: The results revealed that attachment styles can commit 13% of unfaithful people predict changes . Regression analysis anxious attachment style (01 / 0p≤) and regression coefficient avoidant attachment style (05 / 0p≤) on marital commitment is significant. Secure attachment style was not significant, but the regression coefficient. Since marriage and choice of spouse is living one of the most important decisions with regard to the role of insecure attachment styles predict the anxiety and avoidance, should be The identification of these two variables in pre-marriage counseling as well as training parents on child education and stressed that attachment styles.

---

Abstract

Objective: the objective of present study is examining the causal relationship between attachment styles with marital commitment by mediation of differentiation of self and guilty feeling in married female students of Ahvaz city. Methodology: participants in this study were in total 211 married female students of Ahvaz city, which were selected using available purposive sampling. The instruments used in this study wereBehavioral Style Questionnaire (BSQ), Marital Commitment Questionnaire (MCQ), differentiation of selfInventory (DSI), conscious emotionsInventory. Evaluation of the proposed model was carries out using path analysis method. In order to test indirect relationships, boot-strap method was used. Findings: the results showed that from among 16 direct paths, 4 paths of secure attachment style to differentiation of self,  insecure attachment style to guilty feeling, guilty feeling to moral commitment and differentiation of self to structural commitment didn't become significant.Also, the results showed that all the indirect effects of copying styles (secure and insecure) and marital commitment with mediation of differentiation of self and guilty feeling became significant. On the other hand, indirect effects of secure attachment style and moral commitment with mediation of guilty feeling and indirect effects of secure and insecure attachmentwith structural commitment with mediation of differentiation of selfdidn't become significant. Better fitting thorough eliminating insignificant paths of secure attachment style to differentiation of self, insecure attachment style with guilty feeling, guilty feeling with moral commitment and differentiation of self with structural commitment were obtained. In this study, significance level was α=0.05. Conclusion: in a marital relationship, the level of differentiation and guilty feeling in either party of a couple and attachment style formed in individuals is effective for their marital commitment in their married lives.

---

Purpose: This study was done to predict sexual communication based on attachment style and differentiation of self in married female students of Universities in city of Ahvaz. The 220 participants were selected through accessible sampling. Methods: The participants completed Wheeless & Baus Sexual Communication Scale (1984), Simpson Adult Attachment Scale Questionnaire (2003), and Differentiation of Self Inventory by Skowron and Friedlander (1998). For data analysis, descriptive methods, simple correlation coefficient, and step-by-step regression method was used. Results: The results showed a positive meaningful relationship between secure attachment style and my-position, with sexual communication. Moreover, secure attachment style, distressed attachment style, and   secure and distress element the component attachment style and emotional discord (p<0/001) are the best predictors of sexual communication.  Conclusion: According to the study findings, it seems that couples with secure attachment style and high levels of differentiation have higher satisfaction about their sexual communication, and consequently have more stable marriages.
 

---

The aim of this study was to predict the feeling of loneliness and tendency to divorce based on attachment styles according to the role of mediation self-differentiation. This study is of descriptive method and the design is correlational based on path analysis. The study population included all divorce-seeking couples referring to branches 6, 7 and 8 and enforcement branch of family court in Shahre rey, Tehran in 2016. Using available sampling method, 200 subjects were selected. The data were collected using four questionnaires: The UCLA Loneliness Scale (Russell, 1996) Differentiation of Self Inventory (Skowron & Smith, 2003), Divorce Tendency Scale (Rusbult, 1986), and Adult Attachment Scale (Colins & Read, 1990). The results of the analysis were analyzed using structural equation analysis. Results: The results showed that there is a significant relationship between attachment styles with loneliness and tendency to divorce. There is also a significant relationship between self-differentiation with loneliness and tendency to divorce. Finally, attachment styles through self-differentiation can predict loneliness and tendency to divorce. Discussion and Conclusion: The research data with the proposed model has a perfect fit, so self-differentiation plays a significant mediator role in the relationship between attachment styles with loneliness and tendency to divorce.
 

---

Aim: Intimacy among couples is an important factor in sustainable marriages. If couples' intimacy fades, it will affect their tendency toward extramarital relations. Individuals' style of attachment form during childhood and exert a notable influence on the formation of their marital intimacy during adulthood. Therefore, the goal of the present research was to study the mediating role of marital intimacy in relation between attachment styles and attitude of  Methods: This research is a descriptive-analytic study of correlational type. The statistical population is comprised of all married men and women of Tehran in the Iranian year of 1396. The study's sample was chosen from the population using the convenient sampling method. Data collection tools included Mark Whatley (2006) Q Attitude Toward Transnational Relationships Questionnaire, Collins & Read (1990) Attachment Style Questionnaire, and Thompson and Walker (2002) Marital Intimacy Questionnaire. The total population size of the sample was 650 couples, consisting of 357 women and 293 men.   Data analysis was done using the path analysis method and the AMOS statistical software from SPSS company. Results: Analyzing the correlation coefficients and their standardized values, in addition to the related t-test values, indicated that the direct effect of the anxiety-driven attachment style on marital intimacy is meaningful (P≤0/05). Furthermore, the indirect effect of marital intimacy on tendency toward infidelity is meaningful (P≤0/05). Conclusion: Since marriage and choosing a partner is one of the most important decisions in life, considering the predicting role of unsafe attachment style and the role of marital intimacy in individuals' tendency toward infidelity, the necessity of analyzing these two variables as it applies to premarital counseling and parental training about child education and attachment styles, must be emphasized.

---

---

Aim: The aim of this study was to test the structural equation model of relationships between attachment styles and self-differentiation with academic performance of university students with the mediating role of health-promoting lifestyle. Methods: The method of this research was descriptive and correlation type. The statistical population consisted of all undergraduate students of Shahid Beheshti University (1554 people) in the academic year of 2018-2019. The sample size was estimated to be 308 based on Cochran formula. Eventually 305 questionnaires were finalized. Research tools included the Self-Distinction Questionnaire (Skowron & Schmitt, 2003), the Adults Attachment Inventory (AAI) (Hazen and Shaver, 1987), the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile (Walker, Sichrist & Pender, 1995) and the Educational Performance Test (Pham and Taylor, 1999) were used and data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistical methods (Pearson correlation, path analysis and structural equation modeling) using SPSS 23 and AMOS 26 statistical softwares. Findings: The results showed that attachment styles and self-differentiation have a significant relationship with academic performance and these variables are able to directly predict academic performance (p<0.01). Promotional lifestyles can also play a mediating role between attachment styles and self-differentiation with academic performance (p<0.01). Conclusion: Regarding the relationship between attachment styles, self-differentiation and health-promoting lifestyle with academic performance, special attention to these variables is necessary to improve student performance.

---

This research investigates mediating role of relationship attributions and marital forgiveness on the relationship between neuroticism, attachment styles and marital satisfaction. Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlational and used path analysis. Total of 240 male and females were selected among all married males and females in Shahrekord city using purposive sampling method according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. They responded to Quality of Marital Index (Norton), Relationship Attribution Measurement (Fincham & Bradbury), the Neuroticism Subscale (Costa & McCrae), Behavioual Systems Questionnaire (Furman & Wehner), Experiences in Close Relationship (Wei & et al), and Interpersonal Forgiving in Close Relationships (McCullough, & et al.). Findings: The results showed that evaluated structural model had good fit. The relationship attributions, marital forgiveness, neuroticism, attachment styles directly affected the marital satisfaction (p<0.001); also indirect effect of attachment styles through relationship attributions and marital forgiveness on marital satisfaction (p<0.001). Finally, indirect effect of neuroticism of through only marital forgiveness on marital satisfaction. Conclusion: Family counselors and psychologists should help couples whose lives have faced difficulties because of and/or attachment styles (avoidance) to eliminate distorted cognitions and promote forgiveness among them.

---

Abstract
Aim: The aim of the current study was a comparison between the effect of career adaptability education to preschool children and attachment-based counseling to their parents on children’s’ career development in Isfahan city. Methods: Statistical population including all of preschool children, aged 5 to 7 and parents of 5 to 7-year-old preschool children in Isfahan city. 30 preschool children, aged 5 to 7 selected voluntary and randomly divided to two experiment and control groups (10 children in each group). Data was gathered by using preschool children’s’ career development questionnaire. The parent group received the Attachment-based counseling and the children group received the Career adaptability education both in 8 sessions and The control group did not receive any education. Data was analyzed by using SPSS-18 and analysis of covariance. Findings: The results showed that both career education to children and parents has significant effect on children’s’ career development (P<0.001), and It was no significant differences between the effect of two methods (P<0/05). Also the secondary finding from research suggest that two methods had significant effect on time perspective, internal curiosity, information and external curiosity (P<0/05). Conclusion: Therefore, the research findings illustrated that career educations to children and parents can have beneficial result on childrenchr('39')s career development.

---

Aim: The purpose of this study was to predict social adjustment and academic achievement based on parental attachment styles in students. Methods: The method of this research was descriptive-correlational. The study population included 18,000 male and female first year high school students in Lorestan province in the academic year of 2014-15, which was conducted on a sample of 364 students (200 girls, 164 boys). Multi-stage cluster sampling method was selected. The California Social Adjustment Questionnaire (Klako et al., 1953) and the Hazen and Shaver Adult Attachment Styles Questionnaire (1897) were used to collect data, and the students' final grade point average was used to assess academic performance. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis (stepwise). Findings: The results of Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there was a meaningful negative relationship between avoidant attachment style (P=0.001, r=-0.35), anxiety attachment style (P=0.001, r=-0.29) with adaptation. Also, between secure attachment style (P≥0.001, r=0.41), attachment to mother (P≥0.001, r=0.35), attachment to father (P≥0.001, r=0.37) and attachment to friends (P=0.001, r=0.38) has a significant positive relationship with adaptation. Multiple regression results showed 31% of the total variance of students' academic adjustment by avoidant attachment style (β=-0.16), anxiety attachment style (β=-0.14), secure attachment (β=0.23), attachment to mother (β=0.10), attachment to father (β=0.15), and attachment to friends (β=0.09) are explained. Also, 14% of the variance of academic achievement is explained by the style of secure attachment (β=0.17), attachment to father (β=0.10) and attachment to friends (β=0.11). Conclusion: The present study showed that the first emotional bonds between child and mother play a fundamental role in the formation of social trust and the continuation of emotional relationships in the later period of growth, promoting it positively. Thus, with success in this field, social adjustment is achieved.

---

The current research aimed to examine the mediation of attachment behaviors in the relationship between interaction with family of origin with marital quality and depression. The research design was inferential with path analysis method. The statistical population included all female students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in 2019-20 among whom 200 were recruited using available sampling method. The Family-of-Origin Scale (FOS; Hovestadt, et al., 1985), Brief Accessibility, Responsiveness, and Engagement Scale (BARE; Sandberg, et al., 2012), Dyadic Adjustment Scare - Revised Form (Busby, et al., 1995), and Beckchr('39')s Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck, 1972) were used to measure the variables. The data were analyzed using Pearson product moment correlation coefficient and path analysis method and SPSS-26 and AMOS-24 software. The results of the correlation analysis showed significant correlation among the variables. The goodness of fitness indices verified the model with one modification index. Furthermore, the results showed that the attachment behaviors significantly mediated the relationship between interaction with family-of-origin with depression and marital quality. According to the results, one can conclude that the type and severity of coupleschr('39') attachment behaviors have a critical contribution in affects of their interaction with family-of-origin on their depression and marital quality.