Journal of Counseling Research

Children and Adolescents Depression Scale (CADS) is a self-report scale designed for diagnosis and assessment of the level and intensity of MDD in children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to assess the psychometric and factorial structure of CADS as well as major depressive disorder (MDD) status among adolescent girls (14-19 years). 417 female adolescent students from different areas of Tehran completed the scale. Scale reliability was assessed through internal reliability (Cronbach’s alpha and half-splitting), inter-item correlation and test-retest methods and all revealed a desirable level of reliability of CADS. Factor analysis was done via two major methods: Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). EFA via Principal Components Factor Analysis, Parallel Analysis and Minimum Average Partial (MAP) Test showed a one-factor model in the CADS, which assesses depression. Afterwards, CFA supported a one-factor model of depression. Analyses of the CADS results indicated that 32.9% of the subjects were with no signs of depression, while 67.1% of them have depressive signs and symptoms to severe MDD. According to these findings, it seems that CADS could be used as a preferable scale to assess and screen depressive signs as well as depressive disorders both in research and in clinical settings. In addition, regarding the high rate of incidence of depressive signs and symptoms among female adolescent students, the necessity of systematic cognitive-behavioral interventions is obvious.

Riyahinia. N - Makarem, M - Farajipoor, A - Haseli, N The primary aim of this study was to explore the effects or impact of group bibliotherapy on the self-esteem of children damaged by labor. A semi-experimental method along with pre-test and post-tests and control group were adopted. The statistical population consisted of all boys who were studying at Association of Supporting Labor Children. Of sixty four children examined, 30 with low self-esteem scores were selected as samples. For data collection, standard Coppersmith Self-esteem Questionnaire was used and administered to both control and experimental groups (pre-test). Then, the experimental group received five 45-minute sessions of group bibliotherapy. Following the sessions, a post-test was administered to both groups. The findings indicates that the group bibliotherapy seems to have significant impact on subscales of self-esteem and the social self-esteem scores. However, it showed no apparent impact on the general, family, and educational self-esteems. .

This qualitative study was done for the purpose of comparing the couple relationships in the view of mothers of children with disability and mothers of normal children. For doing this qualitative study , 12 mothers with mentally retarded children in the daily rehabilitation center of Ahang and 12 mothers with normal children who referred to quarter houses of Nabi Akram and Chaharsad Dastgah , were chosen by convenience sampling method. General and open questions in the subject of co-parent communication were expressed through in-depth interview. The information gained from interviews analyzed and coded with content - analysis method and with the Strauss-Corbin model. The results have also shown that parents of normal children communicate better than parents of mentally retarded children. In terms of self-attention and having talking skills , paying attention to life partner and using healthy communicational patterns , parents of normal children are in a better situation , but there was no noticeable difference in the problem-solving methods in both families. Relationships among couples are one of the crucial basics of the family which play an important role in adapting family members with the suffering member. Thus , it needs more researches in the context of couple relationships in these families. furthermore , since mothers have closer relationship with the disabled child , they face more impairment both physically and emotionally. So they need more educational programs and incorporeal supports.

The purpose of present study was to investigate the role of secondary trauma as a mediator in relationship between attachment styles and father-child conflict. This study was a correlational research that carried out by structural equation modeling. warfare victims’ children living in Yazd, Esfahan, Najafabad, and Yasuj and studying at Shahed and Isargar Schools of these cities were the target population in this study. Of this population, 607 subjects were selected by cluster sampling method. Secondary traumatic stress scale (STSS), Adult Attachment Scale and Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale (PCTS) were used to collect the data. Finally, correlational analysis and structural equation modeling used to analyze the data. The findings show that insecure avoidant and insecure ambivalent attachment by secondary trauma significantly related with verbal and physical aggression. Secure attachment style was not any direct and indirect relationship with father-child conflict. But, insecure avoidant attachment has a direct relationship with reasoning and verbal aggression. Finally, fit index show that proposed model in present study was confirmed with a few modification. With regarding Findings of the current study can conclude that secondary trauma has a significant role as a mediating factor in relationship between insecure attachment styles and father-child conflict and therefore probably told that teachings based on attachment styles prevent transmission of secondary trauma and then father-child conflicts in Warfare Victims’ Children.

 This study aimed to investigation effects of parental divorce on psychological empowerment in boys. The nature of present research is  qualitative. The study population consisted of boys with divorced parents who are located in  Shahryar. Purposive sampling was performed.  Depth interviews were conducted with a total of 13 boys from families who live with their mother and had experienced divorce five or less years. Reduction and Interpretation which developed by Marshall and Rossman were utilized. This method includes sorting data in different classes and encode them. psychological empowerment was coded in five components: Sense of competence, sense of meaning, sense of belonging, , self- concept, sense of trust . also, factors affecting the psychological empowerment in boys who experienced parental divorce were classified in five  dimensions.  Includes: witnessed and / or were victims of parental violence either for many years prior to the separation, severe economic decline, their relations with parents after divorce, change in social network, theire perception of parents explelanation about divorce. It however seems reasonable for one to conclude that the negative impact of divorce on children can be large if they are exposed to parental arguments, conflicts and violence if they lack support from family and social network members, if they experience a sharp decline in their standard of living if  they experience negative changes in relationships with their parent.

Abstract

Aim: The aim of this study was comparing parenting styles of parents of children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Method: This was a causal-comparative research. The statistical population of this research includes the whole parents of children with and without autism spectrum disorder in Shiraz city that among them, 90 subjects (49 parents of children with autism spectrum disorders and 50 parents of children without autism spectrum disorders) were selected as a sample size. Sample of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder were selected by available sampling and sample of parents of children without autism spectrum disorder were selected by multistage random sampling method. Parenting styles questioner (Robinson et al., 1995) was used for measuring of parenting styles. Data were analyzed using MANOVA. Results: results showed that the authoritarian's Parenting style of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder significantly are more than the parents of children without autism spectrum disorders and authoritative parenting style of parents of children without autism spectrum disorder significantly are more than of parents of children with autism spectrum disorders(P<0.001) and in permissive's parenting styles there was no significant differences between parents of children with and without autism spectrum disorder (p>0/05). Conclusion: According to the finding of this research, designing and implementing of parenting styles workshops for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder is necessary.

Keywords: Parenting Styles, Parents, Children, Autism Spectrum Disorder

Purpose: The pourpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of instruction of model of healthy family on resiliency in mothers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in Qom, Iran. Method: Quasi experimental design was adopted in which pre-test, post-test, and control group were deployed. The sampling population of the present study included all mothers of children with ASD of Qom in 2016. In so doing, 30 participants were selected based on simple random sampling among those mothers willingly participated in instructional sessions of model of healthy family. Subsequently, they were randomly assigned into two groups of experimental (n=15) and control group (n=15). During an identical condition, data from both groups were collected by means of demographic information questionnaire resiliency and then analyzed as the pre-test. Subsequently, during a period of 10 sessions participants of experimental group were instructed the model of healthy family, whereas control group received no specific instruction. After that, both groups participated in a following post-test and data were analyzed using ANCOVA. Results: The results discovered that instruction of model of healthy family has a meaningful and positive impact on resiliency (P<0/05) in mothers of children with ASD. Conclusion: All in all, based on the results of the present study, the model of healthy family, as an appropriate treatment, can have a considerable efficacy on recovery of resiliency in mothers of children with Autism ASD. 

Aim: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of play therapy to reduce symptoms of grief in children. Method: This research is a pilot project for pre-and post-test study with a control group that is among the applied researches. The study population consisted of mournful school children between the ages of 7 to 10 years covered Imam Khomeini Relief Committee in 1393 in the city of Shiraz. Purposive sampling was done from among these children. They were diagnosed with grief disorder by the team that was composed of psychologists and counselors Imam Khomeini Relief Committee.  Of the 45 children diagnosed by consultants committee, as a pilot study, 30 children were selected and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The research method was quasi-experimental plans. In order to gather information and determine the long-term effectiveness of the children's grief Scale (IPG-C) were used. It has been developed by Spuij and colleagues (2011). The data were analyzed by independent T-test. Result: The results showed that the mean scores significantly decreased symptoms of grief in the experimental group than the control group (P<0/005). Conclusion: As a result, education (play therapy) in children is effective in reducing the symptoms of grief. Therefore, therapeutic play as a useful therapeutic approach in working with children is useful and it can be used to help the mental health of children.

Aim : This study aimed to investigating the role of Satisfaction with family life and the Quality of family life in the Anxiety and depression in children and other objective was to test the mediating role of parenting stress.
Methods: For this purpose 499 parents of female students were selected by random cluster sampling. They completed the Kansas Family Life Satisfaction Scale Family, Quality of Family Life Scale, Parenting Stress Index - Short Form and  Rutter Child Behavior Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by structural equation modeling.
Results: The results of data analysis showed all paths Satisfaction with family life and the Quality of family life to Anxiety and depression has been significant and negative.
Conclusion: Parenting stress played a mediating role and was a good model fit indices. Either Focus on Quality factors created in family life and Reduce parenting stress to Reduces symptoms of anxiety and depression in children.