Youssef Habibi, Atousa Kalantarhormozi, Qiumars Farahbakhs, Hossein Salimibajestani, Mohammad Asgari,
Volume 21, Issue 81 (5-2022)
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to identify the components of smoking tendency in youth from the perspective of addiction and smoking experts. Methods: in this study, a qualitative approach and thematic analysis method were used. Participants included experts in the fields of addictions and smoking and smokers (therapists, researchers, professors and teachers) in 1399 who were selected using purposive sampling. Sampling was done using interview tools (semi-structured) in order to receive the data until the saturation point and then the collected information was analyzed by coding method (main and secondary). Findings: The analysis of the research findings led to the extraction of 85 primary concepts, 38 subcategories and 15 main categories, according to which, the main categories of smoking tendency in youth were: 1. The effective role of relatives in consumption, 2. Inefficient atmosphere of the family predisposing to consumption, 3. Motivation of peer groups in consumption, 4. Media coverage of smoking, 5. Influence of famous personalities, 6. Facilitating society in consumption, 7. Favorable consumption conditions in public recreation area, 8. Easy access to cigarettes, 9. Cognitive distortions about smoking, 10. Inefficient psychological causes, 11. Reverse reaction to superficial inhibitors in consumption, 12. Weak adaptive skills, 13. Consideration of behavioral attractiveness, 14. Media’s superficial portrayal of the harms of consumption, and 15. Recreational consumption. Finally, the combination of the main categories led to the extraction of two core themes, including the interpersonal components, the extra-personal component, and the intrapersonal components of the tendency to smoke in youth. Conclusions: The present study showed that youth are affected by interpersonal and extra-personal factors such as the media, family, society and the atmosphere of peers with common interests or intrapersonal dimensions like psychological disorders, famous characters in movies, or skill weaknesses are more likely to tend to smoke and continue smoking.
Marzieh Jalali, Fatemeh Samiee, Parisa Nilforooshan, Ali Zakery,
Volume 24, Issue 95 (12-2025)
Abstract
Aim: Given the lack of future-oriented and multi-level frameworks for explaining adolescents’ career aspirations under the uncertain conditions of the future of work, this study aimed to identify key influencing factors and emerging patterns shaping these aspirations toward the 2050 horizon. This was achieved by analyzing the interaction of political, economic, social, technological, legal, environmental, and psychological factors within the extended PESTEL-P model. ▌Methods: This study employed an exploratory mixed-methods design, integrating expert interviews with a scoping review of the scientific literature. In the qualitative phase, 14 experts from relevant fields were purposively selected and interviewed using semi-structured protocols. In the scoping review phase, 16 peer-reviewed articles indexed in the Scopus database (2000–2024) were analyzed based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. ▌Findings: Five emerging patterns were identified: (1) a semantic shift in career aspirations from stable, status-oriented goals toward immediate and symbolic success; (2) increasing economic pressures accompanied by fragmentation of career identity coherence; (3) the growing influence of technology, digital media, and virtual identities; (4) the declining authority of family and educational institutions alongside the rise of media-based role modeling; and (5) a widening gap between formal policymaking and generational realities, resulting in unstable and short-term career choices. ▌Conclusion: Adolescents’ career aspirations are increasingly shifting from traditional, meaning-oriented goals toward technology-driven, media-influenced, and short-term pathways. These findings underscore the need to critically rethink educational policies, skill-development programs, and career counseling practices in order to better support adaptive and future-oriented career design.
