Journal of Counseling Research

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The Purpose of this research was to investigate parental monitoring role and affiliation with deviant peers in high risk behavior. The design of the current study involves correlation using structural equation modeling. The population of the current study involve all male and female adolescent in Tehran high school from which 1241 were selected through cluster sampling. To collect the data, different scales such as Iran’s adolescent risk-taking scales, parental monitoring scales and affiliation with delinquent peers were used. The data were analyzed using correlation statistical indices, independent T and structural equation modeling through SPSS and LISRER. The obtained results showed that there was a significant difference between girls and boys in high risk behavior, parental monitoring and affiliation with delinquent peers. Moreover, parental monitoring through affiliation with delinquent peers had a significant effect on high risk behavior. The mediating model can explain 0.55 high risk behavior variance. It's highly influential to pay attention to the parental monitoring role in decreasing affiliation with delinquent peers as well as decreasing the high risk behavior by adolescents. .

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Children and Adolescents Depression Scale (CADS) is a self-report scale designed for diagnosis and assessment of the level and intensity of MDD in children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to assess the psychometric and factorial structure of CADS as well as major depressive disorder (MDD) status among adolescent girls (14-19 years). 417 female adolescent students from different areas of Tehran completed the scale. Scale reliability was assessed through internal reliability (Cronbach’s alpha and half-splitting), inter-item correlation and test-retest methods and all revealed a desirable level of reliability of CADS. Factor analysis was done via two major methods: Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). EFA via Principal Components Factor Analysis, Parallel Analysis and Minimum Average Partial (MAP) Test showed a one-factor model in the CADS, which assesses depression. Afterwards, CFA supported a one-factor model of depression. Analyses of the CADS results indicated that 32.9% of the subjects were with no signs of depression, while 67.1% of them have depressive signs and symptoms to severe MDD. According to these findings, it seems that CADS could be used as a preferable scale to assess and screen depressive signs as well as depressive disorders both in research and in clinical settings. In addition, regarding the high rate of incidence of depressive signs and symptoms among female adolescent students, the necessity of systematic cognitive-behavioral interventions is obvious.

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Alaminiya, M – Eskandari, H – Borjali, A The scientific theories including psychological theories based on some specific meta-theoretical presuppositions which considerably influence the theory, and the differences among psychological theories, to some extent, reflect more fundamental differences among theories on these presuppositions. Since theoretical and philosophical presuppositions play an important role in evolution of scientific theories, it seems, changing these basic presuppositions and replacing them with metaphysical cultural assumptions as new foundations, can conclude paradigm shift in present scientific theories. In the present study, anthropological, psychological and methodological presuppositions of psychopathology and psychotherapy have been investigated according to Rumi's view, on the scope of helping to shape a new vision in these domains. Our research method is qualitative content analysis. Results have shown that, Rumi, emphasis on freedom of mankind and sees the individual as capable of fundamental change throughout life span .He believes Language is the main determinant of behavior. Rumi sees the tendency of man to growth and perfection as a way that leads him to actual health and elation. He believes mankind is generally in pathology situation, man usually misdiagnosis true self and is captured by physical attachment, egoistic tendencies and vain imagination which make him upset and distressed. Amplifying Pseudo self Puts a person at risk of pathology and make him ill. The process of therapy and getting rid of the pathology, is the process of loss and the elimination of the Pseudo self and gain the "bi khodi" that involves difficult encounter and is associated with tension and pain. In Rumi's view, language is so important and man’s mental is not separate from his language. Language especially story and narrative has consid, erable and important role in shaping the meaning, cognition and behavior and is considered as origin of psychopathology and psychotherapy. It’s the language which makes a person ill or heals him. Linguistic and narrative analysis is a suitable way to study human issues and psychopathology. Keywords: Rumi, psychopathology and psychotherapy, anthropological presupposition, psychological presupposition, methodological presupposition, language. Construction and Validity of Problems between Adolescent and Parents Test Sanagooi Zadeh, M - Etemadi, O - Ahmadi, A - Jazayeri , R The present research aims to design and build problems adolescents with parents test and assess its validity. The method of this research has had two stages. The first stage was qualitative method. For this purpose, in addition to interview with adolescents and parents and sciences extensive library studies was collected categories problems adolescents with parents with systematic analyze method. Questionnaire was made consisting 60 questions in two forms mothers’ form & father’s form. In the second stage, validity and reliability of this tool was examined by a connotative method. So 200 boys students of Isfahan high school was selected by simple random sampling, And they complete this questionnaire. The data were studied through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The finding revealed three factor (internal problems, interpersonal relationship problems, Parental style). The results of analysis with exploratory analysis and confirmatory analysis explain a considerable percentage of variance of the three factors. The Cronbach’s alpha equal was for mother’s form test 0/93 and father’s form test 0/92. The conclusion is that it is possible to make a test of high validity with consistent factors and ample ability to measure adolescent's problems with parents. ,

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The present research aims to design and build problems adolescents with parents test and assess its validity. The method of this research has had two stages. The first stage was qualitative method. For this purpose, in addition to interview with adolescents and parents and sciences extensive library studies was collected categories problems adolescents with parents with systematic analyze method. Questionnaire was made consisting 60 questions in two forms mothers’ form & father’s form. In the second stage, validity and reliability of this tool was examined by a connotative method. So 200 boys students of Isfahan high school was selected by simple random sampling, And they complete this questionnaire. The data were studied through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The finding revealed three factor (internal problems, interpersonal relationship problems, Parental style). The results of analysis with exploratory analysis and confirmatory analysis explain a considerable percentage of variance of the three factors. The Cronbach’s alpha equal was for mother’s form test 0/93 and father’s form test 0/92. The conclusion is that it is possible to make a test of high validity with consistent factors and ample ability to measure adolescent's problems with parents.

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Salimi, H The purpose of the present article was to study the predicting role of Iranian family components in the adolescents’ feeling of loneliness. The main hypothesis asserts that family communication patterns are good determining factor for feeling of loneliness in adolescents. In this correlational study, 225 female high school students were chosen by random cluster sampling. For data collection, Revised University of California at Los Angles Loneliness Scale (UCLA) and Revised Family Communication Pattern (RECP) questionnaire were used. For data analysis, simultaneous multivariate regression, using SPSS 20 software was used. The findings indicates a meaningful relation between family communication patterns and adolescents’ feeling of loneliness. Additionally, the two components of empathizing and conversational styles by family members appeared to correlate with lower feelings of loneliness. In other words, the more empathizing and conversation among family members occurred, the lower adolescents’ feelings of loneliness. The results confirms the importance of working to modify negative communication patterns among family members.

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Somaye Kazemian , Ebrahim Naeimi Aim: This study aims to investigate the characteristic of assertiveness of mothers of delinquent adolescents. Method: The statistical population of the study consists of mothers of adolescents with delinquency living in Tehran. Convenience sampling was used to select study participants. The sample size was 15 people in each group (treatment and control groups). Consistent with qualitative research methodology, semi-structured interviews were used for collecting data about participants’ assertiveness. The resulting data from description of interaction between the couples were analyzed using phenomenological theory. Results: What was seen in studying the quality of assertiveness in mothers with delinquent adolescents included: a). withdrawn with care for others (others’ interests – following, accepting others’ talks, escaping response, playing victim), b). aggression with focus on self (dogmatic, uncaring, argumentative, dependence, competition as opposed to cooperation), c). withdrawal and submission to situation and conditions (hopeless, not believing self, blaming others, taking roles), d). withdrawal and parental role ambiguity (indecisive, lack of monitoring - unorganized monitoring, imbalance in motivation for daring behaviors – easy-taking, uncaring. Conclusions: The data from qualitative interviews were analyzed using three stages of open, axial, and selective coding. The results showed that, in the sample under study, most mothers of delinquent adolescents tended to be more passive and less assertivene.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the parent-adolescent perception about the flexibility of family boundaries based on development.

Method: this research was done by qualitative research method and phenomenological approach. By convenience sampling, 10 girl adolescents aged from 15 to 18 and their mothers aged 37 to 55 were selected and their perceptions of family boundaries were studied by deep semi-structured interviews. Then the data were classified and coded and the results were expressed by validity report method.

Findings: the analysis of participants’ experiences leaded to three main themes which include flexibility, lack of flexibility and exorbitant flexibility of family boundaries from parents and their adolescents’ point of view. Also from each of the three themes above, 14, 5 and 1 sub-themes in parents and 3, 5 and 6 sub-themes in adolescents were gained.

Conclusion: the results showed that according to the in transition context of the society of Iran, none of the two conditions of lack of flexibility and exorbitant flexibility can meet the adolescents’ needs and protect the basic security of family. Hence it seems essential for the officials of mental health, to make parents aware of how to balance the boundaries inside the family. Also conducting negotiations on family rules and the compliance of parents on the boundaries were the preventing factors of problems in families with flexible boundaries, that ignoring them in families with strict or permissive boundaries causes dissatisfaction in adolescents and makes the basic security of family at risk.

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Goal: The goal of the present research is to determine the components of loneliness of teenage girls based on their lived experiences
Method: the present research was a qualitative research and the phenomenological method was used to conduct it. The sampling was goal-oriented i.e. the UCLA loneliness questionnaires were completed by teenage girls whose average age was 16 of whom 30 people whose loneliness grades were above the cut-off point were selected as the research population. The main research tool was interviewing and the data were saturated after 15 interviews and coding using the grounded theory.
Findings: The findings of the present research showed that the components of loneliness of teenage girls based on their lived experiences appear in the following order: 1- Loneliness in the family, 2. Communicative/social loneliness, 3. Emotional/personal loneliness. Considering the results of the interview and the thorough investigation into the loneliness experiences of teenage girls, it seemed that they mostly suffered from loneliness in the family like the feelings of being dismissed, ignored, blamed and also the feeling of mistrust of them on the part of their families. They deeply felt in their relationships and social environments that their needs for a companion and supporter were not met, and they suffered from finding no common grounds with others; also, they were unable to forge relationships with others and felt lonely despite being surrounded by people. Also, they experienced some emotions such as mistrust of others, hopelessness and surrender to loneliness and they were unable to express their feelings.
Conclusion: Feeling lonely in the family constituted an important part of the loneliness of teenage girls after which the communicative/ social and emotional/ personal factors take precedence respectively. With regard to the fact that the present research has been conducted in the cultural context of Iran, it seems necessary to consider the above-mentioned components in the therapeutic interventions and educational programs to prevent or treat the loneliness of teenage girls.
 

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Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of positive psychotherapy and cognitive behavior therapy on well-being and depression and in adolescents with depression symptoms
Method: This was a quasi-experiment with pretest /posttest method and control group. Study sample included all the adolescents with depression who referred to counseling centers and psychiatric services in sari, Iran, in the year 2017. 51 patients were selected using random sampling method and were randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group. The positive psychotherapy experimental group was under treatment within 10 sessions, and the cognitive behavior experimental therapy was under treatment within 8 sessions, each session of 90 minutes weekly, while the control group received no treatment. The data collecting instruments used in this study were children´s depression inventory (CDI) and Riff´s psychological well-being questionnaire (RSPWB).Findings: Data analysis by using multivariate covariance method showed that both positive psychotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy had significant effects on increasing well-being but the efficiency of positive psychotherapy in increasing well-being was more significant compared to cognitive behavioral therapy. Also, in the analysis the two methods of psychotherapies on depression, there has been a significant difference between the control and the experiment groups. While the two therapetical approaches were equally effective in reducing depression. Conclusion: Due to emphasis on the different psychological aspects and some common treating features, the two therapetical models of positive psychotherapy and cognitive behavior therapy were equally effective in reducing depression. But positive psychotherapy is more effective than cognitive behavioral therapy in increasing psychological well-being. So,  as one of the clinical interventions, positive psychotherapy can be used by experts and school counselors.                                                                                                                   
 

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Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of adolescent-reasoned mindfulness (MBCT) and emotionally focused therapy (EFT) on self-esteem and sleep Disorder of bereaved adolescents. Methods: The study had a quasi-experimental design, with a post-test, pretest design, control group, and follow- up phase. The statistical population of bereaved adolescents referred to the counseling clinics department of education in city of Shiraz during the year 2017-2018. From among this population, 48 were selected through available sampling and were randomly divided into two experimental groups, adolescent-centered mindfulness and, emotionally focused therapy, in addition to a control group. One experimental group received adolescent-centered mindfulness for 10 one-hour long sessions, while the second experimental group received emotionally-focused therapy for 8 one-hour long sessions. The subjects were evaluated with Self-Esteem Questionnaire (SEI , 1989) and Sleep Disorder Questionnaire (PSQI, 1967) before the initiation of treatment. Fourty-five days following the conclusion of group training, a follow-up was performed. The control group had no group education. Data were analyzed using repeated measures. Results: Results showed that the use of adolescent-centered mindfulness and emotionally-focused therapy is effective on self-esteem and sleep disorder of bereaved adolescents (p<0/05). The effect of adolescent-centered mindfulness were greater than emotionally-focused therapy and the changes were stable through the time. Conclusions: According to this study, it can be concluded that both adolescent-centered mindfulness training and emotionally-focused interventios are effective for self-esteem and sleeping problems in adolescents, and that adolescent-centered mindfulness was more effective in increasing self-esteem and reducing sleeping proglems.

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Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effect of applying the principles of Impact Therapy on problem-solving skills, hopefulness, and life satisfaction in teenage girls living in families with high tension. Methods: This research, in terms of purpose was an applied study using the pretest-posttest control group method. From the community of the 16 to 18-year-old girls from currently divorced parents who had referred to the court during the past 5 years. Individuals were selected through convenience sampling. The life satisfaction questionnaire by Diener, Basadur Creative Problem-Solving and Hopefulness questionnaires were used to collect data. Findings: Intergroup comparison showed that the difference between the mean scores of life satisfaction (p=0.042), problem-solving skills (p=0.049), and hope (p=0.012) between the experimental and control groups was significant. Therefore, administering group Impact Therapy was effective and increased life satisfaction, problem-solving skills and hope of adolescent girls in stressful families. Results: Impact Therapy helped participating teenagers cope with and overcome their stress by promoting resilience. Teenagers from tension-filled families became more determined individuals and gained more control over the events surrounding them. In other words, these interventions helped people to better deal with various issues in life and even consider unpleasant events as opportunities.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the fit of the model of structural relationship between parent-adolescent conflict with emotional dysregulation with the mediating role of loneliness in adolescents in Tehran. Method: The statistical population of the study included adolescents aged 13 to 18 years in Tehran. Using available sampling method, 400 people (200 female adolescents and 200 male adolescents) were selected as a sample and used the Asadi and Younesi adolescent parent conflict questionnaire (1390), Russell (1996) revised feelings of loneliness, and Graz and Romer (2004) responded to emotional dysregulation. Structural equation model was used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between parent-adolescent conflict and emotion dysregulation (p <0.05). Also, there is a positive and significant relationship between parent-adolescent conflict with emotional dysregulation with the mediating role of loneliness (p <0.05). Conclusion: Based on research findings, it can be concluded that feeling lonely with the occurrence of emotions such as depression, anxiety, fatigue can play a mediating role between parent-adolescent conflict and emotion disorder.
 

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Aim: The aim of present study was the application of the Attachment-Based Family Therapy (ABFT) for a transgender adolescent with suicidal thoughts. Methods: Multiple baseline experimental single case study was used as the method of the present study. The population sample is a transgender adolescent (female to male) and his/her parent chosen according to the purposive sampling method. The adolescent completed The Suicidal Ideation Scale (SIS) over the course of the sessions. ABFT was implemented in twenty-seven 90 minute-sessions. Furthermore, visual inspection is applied to analyze and interpret data. Results: The results of this qualitative and step-by-step investigation of the attachment-based family therapy showed that this therapy was effective in significantly reducing the suicidal thoughts in the transgender adolescent. Conclusion: Effective intervention with transgender adolescents and their families can foster a secure attachment relationship. Family therapists may employ attachment-based family therapy to address suicidal tendencies among transgender individuals. This approach also supports families in navigating the transformative journey of their transgender child

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Aim: The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of adolescent-oriented mindfulness training and positive psychological interventions on self-esteem and sleep problems of adolescent girls in city of Abadeh. Methods: The present research method was a post-event descriptive quasi-experimental study with control group. The statistical population of this research was all female teenagers studying in city of Abadeh, 45 of whom were selected through purposeful sampling and randomly assigned to three groups (adolescent-centered mindfulness training, positive psychological interventions, and control groups). The measurement tool was Cooper Smith's Self-Esteem Questionnaire and Pittsburgh's Sleep Quality Questionnaire. Findings: The findings showed that the relationship between pre-test and post-test in self-esteem scores and sleep problems is significant (p<0.05). Other results also showed that the main effect of the group is significant, which indicates that the main variables of the research, namely, self-esteem and sleep problems in the post-test stage, are significantly different in the two experimental and control groups (P=0.001). Conclusion: The results of multivariate and univariate covariance analysis showed that adolescent-oriented mindfulness training and positive psychological interventions increase self-esteem and reduce sleep problems in adolescent girls. Also, mindfulness intervention had a greater effect on increasing self-esteem and reducing sleep problems in adolescent girls than positive psychotherapy intervention.