Journal of Counseling Research

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Asiyeh Shariatmadar , ahra Gharavi Aim: The goal of the present research was to compare cognitive distortions in individuals with physical-movement handicap whose distress tolerance is high or low. Method: The method used in this research was of ex post facto causal-comparative type. Statistical population was all of the individuals with physical-movement handicap in Tehran, Iran, during the year 2013. For data collection, random sampling was used, and participants came from three educational/residential centers for individuals with physical-movement handicap in Tehran. Total of participants in this research included 71 qualified individuals. Tools for data collection were cognitive distortions (Salar, 1387) and distress tolerance (Simons and Gaher, 2005) questionnaires, both of which are considered self-report tests. Data were statistically analyzed through multivariate analysis. Results: The F-value calculated on the total score of cognitive distortions at the level of P <0/000 was significant. In other words, the cognitive distortions in the group with low distress tolerance were significantly higher than in the group with high stress tolerance. Calculated F-values for all subscales of cognitive distortions questionnaire except for personalization in the level of P <0/001 was significant. Conclusions: Results obtained from this research indicate that individuals with physical-movement handicap with low distress tolerance seem to use more cognitive distortions.

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Abstract

Aim: The aim of the present study was determining the efficacy of life skills training on reduction of depression, anxiety and stress among university students.Method: The study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest, control group and follow up. 30 female students from all faculties of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili were selected and administered DASS (1995) as pre- and posttest. The sample group members randomly assigned into two equal groups of experimental (n=15) and control (n=15). Experimental group received 8 two-hour sessions of social skills training. Follow-up was administered after three months by administration of DASS.

Results: Analysis of covariance showed significant differences in pretest, posttest, and follow up scores of depressing, anxiety, and stress subscales between experimental and control groups, so that experimental group had significant reduction in aforementioned components (p<.01).Conclusion: According to findings, it appears that life skills training is capable of elimination of depression, anxiety, and stress among female university students. Social and clinical applications, limitations, and suggestions for future studies are discussed.

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Goal: this research has carried out with the aim of compering the effectiveness of face to face and virtual Cognitive-behavioral Couples Therapy on the Post-traumatic stress disorderin Extra-Marital Relations .

Methods: the method was a semi-experimental plan with Pretest and post test Implementation, among all the couples who were coping with Marital infidelity (Women betrayed) and visited counseling  and Psychological clinic in Qazvin,36 couples who have the qualifications to participate in the curing sessions has been selected Accessibly and they divided into 3 groups with 12 members with the methods of  random alternative (tow experimental group and one The control group). Subjects of the face to face and virtual Cognitive-behavioral Couples Therapy, each one have 12/1:30 hours sessions and The control group received no interruptions. Data collection tools, including post-traumatic stress disorder scale Mississippi. datas has been analyzed with the method of Multivariate analysis of variance.

Datas: the results indicates that among the couples in experimental and control groups in The dependent variable (clues of Post-traumatic stress) there is a meaningful difference. also results claim that, although both methods have their meaningful effect, the face to face method is much more successful.

Conclusion: the results can be used in Cognitive-behavioral intervention, in both face to face and virtual methods for couples who are coping with post-traumatic stress disorder caused by extramarital relationships

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Aim : This study aimed to investigating the role of Satisfaction with family life and the Quality of family life in the Anxiety and depression in children and other objective was to test the mediating role of parenting stress.
Methods: For this purpose 499 parents of female students were selected by random cluster sampling. They completed the Kansas Family Life Satisfaction Scale Family, Quality of Family Life Scale, Parenting Stress Index - Short Form and  Rutter Child Behavior Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by structural equation modeling.
Results: The results of data analysis showed all paths Satisfaction with family life and the Quality of family life to Anxiety and depression has been significant and negative.
Conclusion: Parenting stress played a mediating role and was a good model fit indices. Either Focus on Quality factors created in family life and Reduce parenting stress to Reduces symptoms of anxiety and depression in children.

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Purpose: Career goal discrepancy is the perceived gap between the current state and future state that the person considers for his or her career future. The purpose of the study was to predict career goal discrepancy by career-related stress, career goal feedback, and field of study in students. Methods: The statistical population of the study includes all senior students in Isfahan during 2016-2017. From this population, 450 students (225 male & 225 female) were selected through random stratified sampling. Career Goal Discrepancy Scale (Creed & Hood, 2015), Career-Related Stress Inventory (Choi et al, 2011), and Career Goal Feedback Scale (Hu, Creed & Hood, 2016) were used for data collection in this  correlational study. Data were analyzed using correlational and multiple-regression methods. Findings: Results showed a positive and meaningful correlation between career-related stress, negative feedback about progress, negative feedback about goal suitability, and field of study with career goal discrepancy. Also, career-related stress, career goal feedback, and field of study predicted career goal discrepancy with  coefficient of determination of 0/63. This means that career goal discrepancy can be predicted by career-related stress, career goal feedback, and field of study. Results: It is necessary that school counselors, parents, and other people important to the students think about their current academic state and their ideal state into the future; then help them in order to evaluate the discrepancy between these two, and eventually teach them techniques and actions to reduce this gap.
 

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Purpose: Considering the effect of attitude toward God on different aspects of health of individuals, the present study aims to model the structural equations of the relationship between the positive and negative conception of God with mental health components (anxiety, stress and depression) in students. has taken. Methods: This study was conducted on a sample of 240 male and female students in the city of Ardebil in the academic year of 1996-96 using a survey method and multi-stage cluster sampling. The data were collected using God's Imagination Questionnaire (RSI), anxiety, stress and depression scales of Lavender, and analyzed using structural equation analysis, Pearson correlation test, multiple regression and t-test. Findings: The results showed that the positive and negative conception of God can predict the mental health (anxiety, stress and depression) of students, so that the positive image of God with the symptoms of anxiety, stress and depression and a negative impression of God had significant relationship with anxiety, stress and depression symptoms (P<0.001). Also, according to the structural equation model, the coefficients of the positive image pathway from God to anxiety, stress and depression are negative and significant, and the coefficients of the negative image pathway from God to anxiety, stress and depression are positive and statistically significant (P≤0.05). Such that predictors of anxiety, stress and depression present in the model (positive image of God and negative image of God), explained their variance 27.8%, 40.6%, and 42% respectively. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the kind of image of God has a significant role in predicting mental health of students. Therefore, teaching positive image of God and providing religious backgrounds in different classes during the period of study and extracurricular classes plays an effective role in promoting mental health of students.

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Aim: The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a life skills training program (self-awareness skills, coping with stress and empathy) based on Islamic culture in divorced women. Method: The method of qualitative research is narrative type and use of semi-structured interview. The statistical population includes all divorced women referring to counseling and psychological services centers of Kerman city and paired therapists, which 15 clients and 10 specialists were selected by available sampling method. Data were gathered using interviews and expert panel and data were analyzed using Lincoln and Guba method. Results: The results showed that life skills training program was codified in 3 main axes of self-awareness, empathy and coping with stress, 11 axes and 32 subject areas, and also, the content validity of this program is based on the Lavasha method and based on expert opinion with a content validity ratio (CVR) of 80% which is higher than the minimum acceptable level of 0.62 for this number of specialists. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the research, it can be said that life skills training program based on Islamic culture is an appropriate and effective program for empowering divorced women in life.
 

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Objective: Resilience is a positive psychological component that focuses on individual abilities to cope with adverse life events. Several factors play a role in increasing resilience, including genetic, environmental, and educational backgrounds. Resilience can also play a boosting role for the immune system. Humor is a positive trait in life that some approaches, such as the psychoanalytic, see it as a defensive strategy against stress and a kind of relief. Researches shows that humor plays an important role in improving the function of the immune system against stress by improving resilience. The present study aimed to study the role of humor in women's resilience against the psychological pressures of quarantine days because of Covid-19 Virus qualitatively. Method: This study was conducted by studying the lived experiences of women during the outbreak of this pandemic, by phenomenological method. The research community included women who answered positively to the question of whether humor in quarantine played a role in your daily life. A purposeful sampling was used and 18 participants were interviewed until saturation. The research tools were semi-structured interviews and analysis of findings were performed by seven-stage phenomenological Kolizey’s method. Results: After coding the interviews and categorizing the sub-topics, for the first question, seven main topics "reducing stress levels, balancing life, being creative, distancing oneself from adversity, increasing happiness, strengthening patients' morale, and empathizing with the plight of others." Were obtained, and the core theme was "Choosing humorous strategies by reducing stress and creatively directing life, restoring balance to life and making people more resilient to the harsh conditions of the quarantine period." For the second question, the 5 main themes of "extensive use of resources, purposeful jokes with selective content, improvisational use and creativity, connecting jokes, and position-appropriate jokes" with the core theme of "The humor which increases resilience is in accordance with circumstances, creative, and it aims to strengthen interpersonal ties." Were obtained. Conclusion: The present study showed that humor can make it easier to endure the difficult conditions of quarantine and even illness and cause a more appropriate response to stress in crisis situations by strengthening morale and creating personal vitality.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on cognitive components (fusion, avoidance and cognitive flexibility) and oxidative stress in women with type-2 diabetes. Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test/post-test design and control group on 60 female patients with type-2 diabetes referred to public health centers in Birjand (Iran) during 2016. Participants in the two experimental groups (40 subjects) and one control group (20 subjects) were recruited through convenient sampling and the tests administered randomly. Data collection tools included Gilander et al. (2014) Cognitive Integration Questionnaire, Sexton and Ducas (2008) Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire, and Dennis and Vanderwall (2010) Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire. Also, the experimental group was presented with Fendaic (2017) Dialectical Behavior Therapy protocol, Ghahari Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (2016) and cognitive therapy based on Seagal, Williams & Tizdell (2002) mindfulness, which was not presented to the control group. Data analysis was performed using univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance. Findings: The results showed that dialectical behavior therapy, in comparison with mindfulness-based cognition therapy on reducing cognitive components, and oxidative stress and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on thought-suppression and emotional components in patients with diabetes is effective (P <0.05). Conclusion: According to the findings, dialectical behavior therapy can be used as a complementary therapy to improve the emotional and cognitive components of diabetic patients compared to mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.

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Aim: The purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on distress tolerance and feeling of guilt in mothers of children with physical-motor disability. Methods: The quasi-experimental research method included pre-test and post-test, with control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of all mothers of children with physical disability who had received education in special schools in city of Saqez during the Persian year of 1398. For this purpose, 24 mothers of physically disabled children were selected from the exceptional schools by convenient sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (12 in each group). The experimental group received 10 sessions of intervention and no training was given to the control group. The instruments used in this study were the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) and the Test of Self-Conscious Affect (TOSCA-2), which were completed in the pre-test and post-test phases. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis. Findings: The findings of this study indicated that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in pre-test and post-test in scores of distress tolerance and feeling of guilt. According to these findings, compassion-focused therapy is effective in decreasing feeling of guilt and increasing distress tolerance of mothers of children with physical disability. Conclusion: The results showed that self-compassion, through providing positive experiences, increasing adaptation to stressful situations, and expressing empathy and sympathy can increase distress tolerance in individuals and reduce the level of guilt of mothers with children with disabilities.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of solution-focused approach and compassion-focused therapy on emotional cognitive regulation and post-traumatic stress disorder in female-headed households. Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental having pre-test and post-test with a control group. The statistical population included female-headed households who referred to the Welfare Center of Tehran province in 2021. Thirty-six female-headed households were selected through simple random sampling and randomly assigned to three groups of 12 (two experimental groups and one control group). The research instruments were Mississippi (2006) Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Scale and Garnfsky, Grich & Spinhaven (2002) Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Participants in the experimental group received Grant’s (2011) Solution-focused counseling sessions and Gilbert’s (2010) Compassionate Therapy sessions, both for 8 sessions. In addition to descriptive statistics, analysis of covariance and Benferoni pair comparison were used to analyze the data.
Findings: The results of data analysis showed that the differences between the three groups in the variables of adaptive emotion regulation (F=30.61, P <0.001), uncompromising emotion regulation (F=22.73, P<0.001) and post-traumatic stress disorder (F=37.45, P <0.001), is significant. There is no significant difference between solution-focused therapy and compassion-focused therapy on the regulation of compromised emotion and post-traumatic stress disorder, but there is a significant difference in the non-compromised variable. Conclusion: The findings of this study shows that solution-focused therapy and compassion-focused therapy were both effective in improving cognitive emotion regulation and stress disorder (PTSD), and of the two approaches can be used to reduce emotional regulation and post-traumatic stress disorder in female-headed Households.