Journal of Counseling Research

---

. According to the importance of career resiliency and its widespread use, the present study examined the validity, Morgan Lyons’ reliability and standardization of career resiliency scale among staff and students in four cities (Tehran, Shiraz, Yazd, turpentine). The statistical population consists of all staff and students of Iran that selected by using available sampling of four cities (Tehran, Shiraz, Yazd and saqez). 625 employees and 264 students from various universities, organizations and cities were selected by cluster sampling and they filled out the questionnaire. The research method included calculation of t scores, Cronbach’s Alpha and split-half method was used. The standard and norm table was provided for both employees and students. The results showed that the test reliability by Cronbach’s Alpha method was 0.901 for employees and 884 for students. The results imply that there is no significant difference between the two halves of the test. Generally, the findings indicated that this scale is a valid instrument with desirable psychometric evidence for assessing career resiliency in Iranian society.

---

The main objective of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of group training, based on transactional analysis affecting the anger and neurotically of the girl students of grade one in high school ,in the city of Rasht. this experimental research was carried out on 60 individuals from those students who were rated “high” in aggression test(AGQ).This sample was selected through the phased random selection and it was divided in two equal groups (experimental and control group), randomly. subsequently, the group training program was represented to the experiment group, after the method of transactional analysis ,based on the assembly of concepts, within 8 ninety-minute sessions for each week , and during this period, no interference was imposed on the control group. Then, after the end of training, the AGQ-test(post-test) was applied to both experiment and control groups, simultaneously and under the identical circumstances. the obtained information from the pre-test and post-test were analyzed using the statistical covariance.The additional obtained results suggested that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups(P=0.0001). In other words, the experimental interference (group training based on the transactional analysis) has given rise to reduce the anger and neurotically in experimental group.

---

Abstract The purpose of this research was to investigate the efficacy of group logo therapy on resilience and loneliness of female students with love trauma syndrome.The semi- experimental design: pre-post test with control group was used in this study. Populations were all female students of Kurdestan Univesity and were selected through voluntary sampling method. Sample numbers were 24 students that gained high scores on Love Trauma Inventory (1999) and randomly assigned to control and experiment groups (each group included 12 students).Also the Connor-Davidson Resiliency Surveys (2003) (CD-RISC) and loneliness scale Univarsity of California (1998) was completed by both groups. The experiment group exposed to 10 instruction sessions of group logo therapy .By ending the therapeutic period, both groups were examined by means of the mentioned inventory. Result analyzed with SPSS 21 software .Statistical methods included descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum scores) and inferential statistics (Analysis of covariance). Findings: The results showed that there is significant difference between posttest scores of resilience and loneliness at experimental and control groups (P<0/05). Also ,there was significant differences between posttest scores of love trauma syndrome in both experimental and control groups (P<0/05).The overall results indicate that group logo therapy can be used as an effective treatment on the reduce of loneliness and love trauma syndrome. It also increases the resilience level.

---

Yarahmadi, Y - Yoosefi, N This research was aimed to study the effectiveness of family therapy based on Bowen’s emotional system therapy and logo therapy in improvement of suicide tendency among counseling-seeking clients of Islamic Azad University, in Iranian city of Sanandaj. This was an experimental study, with pretest and post-test, with control group. Sixty students out of all referring clients were selected through random sampling method. Applying Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation Scale (1979) & diagnostic interview based on DSM- IV- R, suicide tendency of students was assessed. These 60 subjects were randomly assigned in equal numbers into three groups (20 subjects in each group – Bowen, logotherapy, control). The results showed relatively equal amount of effect by Bowen’s emotional system therapy and logo therapy, in improvement of suicide tendency of participating students. Due to the mentioned findings, it can be recommended that counselors and psychotherapists use either approach in helping young people who may be suffering from suicidal ideations or tendencies.

---

Babollah Bakhshipour Aim: The purpose of conducting this research was to study the relationship between humor styles and marital conflicts among married college students. Method: Descriptive and correlational research methodology was used. The statistical population comprised of all the married college students at Payam Noor University in Sari, Iran. Total of 314 married (183 female and 131 male) college students were selected in accordance with Krejcie & Morgan (1970) table, by multistage sampling. Participants completed the humor styles (Martin et al., 2003) and Marital Conflict Questionnaires (Sanaee, 1379). Results: Findings showed a negative significant correlation between adaptive humor styles (affiliative humor style r=-0.214 and self-enhancing humor style r=-0.116) and marital conflict. Also, no significant relationship was seen between maladaptive humor styles (aggressive humor style r=0/052 and self-defeating humor style r= 0/088) and marital conflict. Significance level is set at P<0/01 and P<0/05, while T-test showed significant difference between the two genders (P<0/000) when looking at maladaptive humor style (aggressive and self-defeating). Conclusion: There seems to be a negative correlation between adaptive humor styles and marital conflict and some marital conflict’s factors, and that there seemed to be no significant correlation between maladaptive humor styles and marital conflict and its factors. In addition, there was seen a significant difference between men and women in using different humor styles.

---

 The aim of this study was to examine the role of religious beliefs, religious orientation and hardiness with mental health among students. In order to evaluate the research hypotheses, 365 students of Islamic Azad University of Islamshahr Branch through the cluster random sampling ­were selected. Means of data collection were questionnaires of Hardiness, religious orientation , mental health and temple.  For data analysis, methods of­ the pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple linear regression were used. The results showed there is a significant relation between internal religion orientation , hardiness with mental health of students,but no significant difference was observed between external religion orientation with mental health.

Conclusion: Internal religious orientation , religious beliefs , hardiness are considered as important factors in predicting students ,mental health

---

Aim: The present study aimed to qualitatively evaluate the personality characteristics of young women who had used Rhinoplasty, which is a plastic surgery done on the nose. Method: The statistical population for this research included all female social sciences students at Razi University who were enrolled in 2015. For this purpose, 30 students who had undergone this surgery (treatment group) and 30 who had not received it (control group) were selected as purposeful sampling (total of 60). For collecting relevant data, semi-structured interviews were utilized and data was analyzed through phenomenological approach. Results: Following the interviews, content analysis, and coding process, five main indicators were extracted: Self-esteem, social interaction, aggression, body image, and differentiation. The results showed that self-esteem and differentiation in both groups were at an acceptable level and did not have much difference, while social interaction and satisfaction with body image in subjects in the control group was significantly higher in the treatment group than the control group. The results also indicated that levels of aggression seemed to be higher in women who had done rhinoplasty compared with those who had not undergone this type of surgery. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it can be recommended that increasing social interaction skills of applicants for rhinoplasty, and improving their body-image, can likely help in preventing performance of unnecessary surgeries.

---

The purpose of present study were investigating of students’ awareness, availability and using of informational recourse in discipline selection. This study was a description research that carried out in students of 10^th grad who select a discipline in new school year in 1394-95. 187 students were selected by categorical random sampling and answer to a researcher-made questionnaire which investigate awareness, availability and using of Informational Recourse in discipline selection. The data analyzed by bionamibal test. The results show that students were awarded to the role of professional, teachers and students idea in discipline selection, analyzing of school performance in past years, personal research about disciplines and measure of their ability and interest in discipline selection. This resource were available to them and using it in discipline selection. The students also were awarded to the role of counselors and counseling centers to discipline selection, but except school counselors, other counseling recourses were not available to them and they were not using these resources to discipline selection. The students were awarded the role of school services, personal study and Broadcasting in discipline selection but these resources were not available to at least half of them and many of them were not using it in discipline selection. With regarding the results can concluded that a good awareness about students were informational recourses in discipline selection in participants, but many of these resources, specially counseling centers, were not available to these students and they were not using it in their discipline selection.

---

efficacy and quality of life, public health can be predicted. To collect information from questionnaires demographic, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Quality of Life Questionnaire - abbreviated version of the World Health Organization, the General Health Questionnaire or GHQ form with 28 questions was used. Results showed that the 4 areas of physical, psychological, social relationships and environment and public health efficacy and four components of physical symptoms, anxiety, social dysfunction and depression are significantly correlated. So, based on quality of life and self-efficacy can be predicted public health

---

Abstract
Purpose:This study aims to investigate the effect of job games on the responsibility, career adaptability, and dysfunctional career thoughts of Isfahani students. Method: The statistical population included all male high school (1) students of district 3 in Isfahan. This quasi-experimental study included a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. Using Cochran’s formula, the sample size was calculated as 44 individuals in each experimental and control groups. The experimental group members participated in eight 75-minute job game sessions and each member played a job role. Data were collected using the responsibility subscale from the NEO Five-Factor Personality Inventory, the Career Adaptability Inventory and the Career Thoughts Inventory. Results: The results of variance analysis showed a significant difference between students’ group membership and responsibility, career adaptability and dysfunctional career thoughts (P<0. 05). Moreover, in the students of the experimental group, the mean of dysfunctional career thoughts was significantly lower than in the students of the control group (P<0. 05). Conclution: Job role playing games can increase responsibility and career adaptability and reduce the dysfunctional career thoughts.

---

Purpose: The purpose of present study was to investigate the mediating role of self-Regulated Learning in Relationship between academic counseling quality and educational-Vocational Undecidedness in Students of High Schools.
Methods: This study was a correlational research that carried out using structural equation analysis. The population of the present study included all students of high schools of Ardakan city in 2015-16 year. . 294 students were selected by randomly cluster sampling. Data gathered by self-Regulated Learning scale, consultation and relational empathy scale and educational-Vocational Undecidedness scale and analyzed by Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling.
Results: The results show that academic counseling quality directly affect the educational-vocational undecidedness in Students also, academic counseling quality by affecting on the self-regulated learning, indirectly affect educational-vocational undecidedness (p<0/01). Nevertheless, the direct effect was greater than indirect effect of the self-Regulated Learning. Finally, fitness indices showed that proposed model of the study have a good fitness was confirmed.
Conclusions: Regarding this results can concluded that abstract self-Regulated Learning in Relationship between academic counseling quality and educational-vocational undecidedness play a mediating roles and by increase of academic counseling quality, can decrease educational-Vocational Undecidedness in Students and increase Strategies for self-regulatory education increased in them.
 

---

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the life experience of Minority Students in Sar-e-Pol-e Zahab city in order to investigate the role of psychosocial support factors on their adaptability in earthquake crisis situations.
Method: The research was conducted with qualitative approach and content analysis method in 1397 in Sar-e-Pol-e Zahab city. Sampling was based on purpose and the data were collected through semi-structured interview with 11 graduate students in Sar-e-Pol-e-Zahab city to reaching information saturation.
Findings: The results of the analysis of the findings were expressed in five main categories: "Family protection, self-support, counseling support, social protection and spiritual protection" and with the subcategories belonging to each class.
Conclusion: The results of the study showed that after-school students who experienced an earthquake after receiving some degree of family support, self-support, counseling, social support and spiritual support were received. As a result, they were able to return to school with social psychosocial support.

---

Aim: The present study was conducted to compare the academic engagement, emotional creativity and academic self-efficacy in gifted male and female students. Methods: This study was a comparative cross-sectional study. The research population included all gifted students of first, second and third grade high school students in Ardabil in 1394-93 Persian school year, from which 60 female and 60 male gifted students were selected randomly in multiple phases. For data collection, Academic Engagement Questionnaire (Schaufeli et al, 2002), Emotional Creativity Inventory (ECI-Averill, 1999), and Academic Self-efficacy Questionnaire (Mac Elroy & Banting, 2002) was used. Data was analyzed using SPSS-20 software with descriptive statistical methods (mean and standard deviation), and inferential statistical methods. Findings: The results show that the gifted female students excel in academic engagement and components of absorbing and devoting themselves, whereas the gifted male student excel in emotional creativity and components of innovation, readiness and effectiveness - originality. Between the two groups, there was no significant difference in the academic self-efficacy. Conclusion: According to the results, it is essential that stakeholders of education use educational policies and teaching practices, and keep gender and individual differences of student in mind.
 

---

Aim: In each period of life, a person has special relationships with others, and these relationships can enhance one's personal and social health or bring psychological harm. Adaptability, which is one of the most important signs of mental health in teenagers, can lead to psychological maladjustment under mental stress. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between frustration tolerance and approval motivation with emotional adjustment of female students. Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included all third-grade high school students in 6^th district of Tehran studying during the academic year 1397-98. The research sample consisted of 200 female students who were selected via cluster random sampling method. The tools used in this study were Harrington's Frustration Tolerance Questionnaire (2005), Trinity Patients Approval Motivation (1991), and Sinn and Singh's (1993) Students' Emotional Adjustment Scale. Findings: Pearson correlation and multicollinearity regression methods were used to analyze the data. Findings showed that there was a significant relationship between frustration tolerance, and approval motivation with emotional adjustment. Also, the variables of frustration tolerance and approval motivation could predict emotional adjustment. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, reinforcement of the approval motivation and frustration tolerance can be effective in education of the  students with high emotional adaptability.

---

Aim: Suicide is a main cause of death worldwide, especially in teens and adolescents. The aim of this research was a structural test of the three-step theory of suicide in students.  Methods: Current research method was descriptive in the form of correlation that used structural equation model. Research community included all students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University, among whome 630 people were selected as sample through available sampling. Suicide Attempt questionnaire (Dhingra, et.al, 2018), Depressive Symptom-Suicidality Subscale (DSI-SS) Joiner et al. (2002), The Psychological Ache Scale based on Shneidman theory (1993), Hopelessness, Fraser, et.al (2014), Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire by Hill et.al. (2015), Self-Perceived Acquired Capability for Suicide by Rimkeviciene et.al. (2016), and Suicide Capacity Scale-3, by Klonsky & May (2015) were used.  Fndings: Findings showed that the composition of psychological ache and hopelessness are the main predictors of suicide attempt, and lack of interpersonal needs has a protective role. However, just acquired capability for suicide, in some extent can predict suicide attempt. Conclusion: The results showed that Psychological ache and hopelessness have an effect on suicide attempt both directly and indirectly through the idea of ​​suicide and the acquired capacity of suicide. Also, the relationship between acquired capacity and suicide attempt in the model was eliminated due to its low factor loading and better fit of the model. From these findings we can conclude that the three-step Theory of suicide model has a good fitness in Iranian community. Based on 3-step model, combination of hopelessness and psychological ache can lead to suicide ideation, and lack of interpersonal needs can act as a protective factor.

---

Aim: The aim of this research was to study the role of e-learning on students’ perceived interpersonal relationships with teachers. Methods: This research has been done in the framework of qualitative research method and phenomenological design. The participants were 11 high school students in Tehran and they were selected in an accessible manner and participated in a semi_ structured interview. Data were analyzed by Klaizi method. Findings: Finally, after analyzing the data, 4 main categories and 8 sub-categories were obtained. Based on the findings, the student's view on their limited communication with teachers, students confusion in new situations, the nature of the differences between distance and face-to-face education, and students’ concerns about the unpreparedness of infrastructure were obtained.  These component led to a comprehensive dimension of student's perspectives on research concerns. Conclusions: The results of this study explain the possible contexts for positive intervention in the teacher-student relationship considering the existing conditions.

---

Aim: The present research intended to investigate the outcomes of death awareness in life from the perspective of Iranian adolescents. Methods: The study employed a phenomenological qualitative approach. The participants included 26 male and female high school students aged 16 to 18 going to schools in Tehran province, who were selected through criterion purposive sampling method. To collect data, semi-structured interviews were utilized. In order to analyze the data, thematic analysis (TA) technique was used. Findings: The findings demonstrated that the consequences of death awareness in adolescents' lives can be categorized in five main dimensions: motivation and goals, feelings, behaviors, interpersonal and social, and worldview. Conclusions: Death-consciousness can overshadow various aspects of a teenager's life, and is therefore an important and fundamental issue. Each of these themes shows the effects of death awareness on different aspects of adolescence life and indicate that the remembrance of death can affect various dimensions of adolescent life in different ways. It can also change the adolescents' life style and their attitudes towards themselves and the world. In other words, to adolescents, who are at the beginning of planning their future lives, death awareness can act as a beacon and help shape their future plans and paths.

---

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of group counseling based on Lazarus multimodal approach on psychological well-being of rural male students. Methods: This was a semi-experimental study including pre-test and post-test design, with control group. The study population included all male high school students in rural areas of city of Andimeshk in Iran. Thirty students were chosen through cluster sampling method who obtained the total score lower than average on the psychographic well-being scale, and randomly assigned to experimental (n=15) and control groups (n=15). The experimental group received 8 ninety-minute weekly sessions of multimodal counseling.  The research instrument included the short form of Ryff  Psychological Well-being Questionnaire. At the end of the sessions, post-test was performed for both groups. Data were analyzed by the analysis of covariance.   Results: The results showed that there is significant difference between experimental and control groups in measures of psychological well-being (p>0/001). The final achievement of this study was the effectiveness of group counseling based on Lazarus multimodal approach on increasing the psychological well-being of male students.   Conclusion: In general, the research findings indicate the role and importance of multimodal therapy in increasing psychological well-being.

---

Aim: The present study was conducted to study the lived experiences of graduate students in the field of counseling and to examine the influence of their education process on their views on marriage and marital relationships. Methods: The method of this research was qualitative and phenomenological in type. Participants in this study were 16 graduate students, selected through purposeful sampling. Data collection was done through semi-structured interviews. Findings: In the dimension of positive experiences, 4 main themes were obtained that included raising awareness, growing awareness of personal abilities, improving interpersonal communication skills, and experiences around marriage. Finally, the following themes of the main categories are understood: self-awareness, increasing awareness of other people's personality traits, growing self-confidence, feeling beneficial, improvement of family and social relationships, achieving a systemic view in the family, increasing empathy, control emotions, changes in attitudes toward premarital acquaintance and emphasis on premarital counseling, new attitudes about marriage, importance of awareness about premarital counseling, and changes in gender stereotypes (in male participants). In the dimension of negative experiences, the main themes included experiences related to the phenomenon of marriage and negative effects on relationships. The following themes were extracted: decreased emotional excitement about the partner, increased sensitivity and obsession in relationships, change in attitudes toward men (on the part of female participants), creating a sense misunderstanding in family and social relationships due to differences in the level of knowledge, and existence of some level of irrational expectations from graduates in this field. Conclusion: According to the findings, the lived experience of participants showed that studying counseling can influence the personal life and perspective about marriage and marital relationships from different aspects.

---

Aim: The aim of this study was to test the structural equation model of relationships between attachment styles and self-differentiation with academic performance of university students with the mediating role of health-promoting lifestyle. Methods: The method of this research was descriptive and correlation type. The statistical population consisted of all undergraduate students of Shahid Beheshti University (1554 people) in the academic year of 2018-2019. The sample size was estimated to be 308 based on Cochran formula. Eventually 305 questionnaires were finalized. Research tools included the Self-Distinction Questionnaire (Skowron & Schmitt, 2003), the Adults Attachment Inventory (AAI) (Hazen and Shaver, 1987), the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile (Walker, Sichrist & Pender, 1995) and the Educational Performance Test (Pham and Taylor, 1999) were used and data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistical methods (Pearson correlation, path analysis and structural equation modeling) using SPSS 23 and AMOS 26 statistical softwares. Findings: The results showed that attachment styles and self-differentiation have a significant relationship with academic performance and these variables are able to directly predict academic performance (p<0.01). Promotional lifestyles can also play a mediating role between attachment styles and self-differentiation with academic performance (p<0.01). Conclusion: Regarding the relationship between attachment styles, self-differentiation and health-promoting lifestyle with academic performance, special attention to these variables is necessary to improve student performance.